Skeletal Muscle

Harvey, Alan L.; Marshall, Ian

doi:10.1016/b978-012747605-6/50009-2

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 126 publications

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“…The African penguin ALD was found to consist predominantly of fast fibres, in contrast to what has been observed in other species. The avian ALD is defined by its almost exclusive composition of slow muscle fibres, which are thought to stabilize the humerus of the folded wing when roosting and perching (Raikow ; Meyers ; Harvey and Marshall ; Kovacs and Meyers ). However, penguin wings are rigid and do not fold up onto the body, and evolutionary loss of this postural function may have freed the penguin ALD for other tasks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fibre types in primary ‘flight’ muscles of the African Penguin (Spheniscus demersus)

et al. 2014

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The African penguin (Spheniscus demersus) is an endangered seabird that resides on the temperate southern coast of Africa. Like all penguins it is flightless, instead using its specialized wings for underwater locomotion termed 'aquatic flight'. While musculature and locomotion of the large Antarctic penguins have been well studied, smaller penguins show different biochemical and behavioural adaptations to their habitats. We used histochemical and immunohistochemical methods to characterize fibre type composition of the African penguin primary flight muscles, the pectoralis and supracoracoideus. We hypothesized the pectoralis would contain predominantly fast oxidative-glycolytic (FOG) fibres, with mainly aerobic subtypes. As the supracoracoideus and pectoralis both power thrust, we further hypothesized these muscles would have a similar fibre type complement. Our results supported these hypotheses, also showing an unexpected slow fibre population in the deep parts of pectoralis and supracoracoideus. The latissimus dorsi was also examined as it may contribute to thrust generation during aquatic flight, and in other avian species typically contains definitive fibre types. Unique among birds studied to date, the African penguin anterior latissimus dorsi was found to consist mainly of fast fibres. This study shows the African penguin has specialized flight musculature distinct from other birds, including large Antarctic penguins.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fibre types in primary ‘flight’ muscles of the African Penguin (Spheniscus demersus)

et al. 2014

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“…In those BC preparations incubated with Vh-E alone, there was no statistically change on the muscle contracture responses to exogenous ACh and KCl ( Figure 4A), in addition, B. jararaca venom abolished both of contracture responses after 120 min incubation ( Figure 4B). Envenomation by B. jararaca venom induce local and systemic myotoxicity and it has already been described its myotoxicity in vitro [10,27].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This effect constitutes evidence that this extract totally abolished the venom action on "extrinsic", but not on "intrinsic" nicotinic receptors (those elicited by indirect stimuli). Clearing, biventer cervicis muscle contains both focally (sensitive to electric stimulation resulting in twitch responses) and multiply (sensitive to agonist addition resulting in contracture responses) innervated ibers which, in turn, possess "intrinsic" and "extrinsic" nicotinic receptors, respectively [10,28]. According to Ginsborg [29], the nerve stimulation leads to contract the both types of muscle ibers, while exogenous ACh causes contraction of only the diffusely-innervated muscle ibers.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Actions of drugs directly on muscle contractility can be assessed on preparations stimulated directly by addition of KCl or by electrical stimulation after abolition of neuromuscular transmission [10]. It is known that KCl causes muscle membrane depolarisation by releasing Ca 2+ from its storage site in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), which consequently activates the sarcomere [30].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The preparations were stabilized for at least 20 min before addition of 110 μM acetylcholine (ACh) or 20 mM potassium chloride (KCl) at the beginning and at the end of each experiment [5], (Figure 1). The muscle response to exogenous agonist is a contracture for as long as the depolarizing agent remains activating the receptors, while the amplitude of the tension response is related to the number of receptors occupied by the drug [10]. …”

Section: Chick Biventer Cervicis (Bc) Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Vochysia haenkeana extract on the neuromuscular blockade induced by Bothrops jararaca venom on chick biventer cervicis preparation in vitro

Silva¹,

Tribuiani²,

Oliveira³

et al. 2017

J Plant Sci Phytopathol

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SUMMARYVochysia haenkeana extract (Vh-E) was assessed against the neuromuscular blockade induced by Bothrops jararaca venom on chick biventer cervicis (BC) preparation. Pre-and post-venom incubation treatments (Pre-vit and Post-vit) were analysed here. Contractures ACh (110 μM) and KCl (20 mM) were evoked before and after addition of venom without stimulation. Vh-E (600 μg/mL) under Pre-vit was more effi cient to neutralize the neuromuscular blockade by venom (40 μg/mL) [72.5±4.6% (venom) vs. 45.2±14% (Vh-E) of blockade, p<0.05, n=4]. Vh-E (600 μg/mL) did not cause signifi cant changes under Post-vit [72.5±4.6% (venom) vs. 63.4±8.2% (Vh-E) of blockade, n=4]. The Pre-vit inhibited the blockade of the contracture to ACh (106±17% of response; n=4) while the Post-vit was able to attenuate the effect of the venom on this contracture (55±5% of response; n=4); related to those contractures to KCl both of treatments with Vh-E attenuated the blocker effect of the venom (62.5±7.7% and 55±5% of response for Pre-vit and Post-vit, respectively; n=4). In conclusion, Vh-E neutralizes partially the neuromuscular blockade in Pre-vit, an effect that can be related to preserved function of "extrinsic" post-synaptic receptors, by measured contractures in response to ACh. The myotoxicity of the venom was signifi cantly reduced by Vh-E in both, Pre-vit and Post-vit, by measured contractures in response to KCl.

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Multi targets of cannabidiol (CBD) on skeletal mammalian and avian neuromuscular preparations

Castro-da-Silva,

Farias-de-França,

Ravazoli

et al. 2023

Natural Product Research

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Cannabidiol (CBD) has been used in diseases that affect the central nervous system. Its effects on the peripheral synapses are of great interest, since endocannabinoid receptors are expressed in muscles. CBD (0.3 mM) was analyzed using mammalian and avian neuromuscular preparations, through myographic techniques in complementary protocols. Mammalian cells were examined by light microscopy while exogenous acetylcholine (40 µM) and potassium chloride (100 mM) were added into avian preparations, before and at the end of experiments. Pharmacological tools such as atropine (2 µM), polyethylene glycol (PEG 400, 20 µM), Ca 2+ (1.8 mM), F55-6 (20 µg/mL), and nifedipine (1.3 mM) were assessed with CBD. In mice, CBD causes a facilitatory effect and paralysis, whereas in avian, paralysis. Concluding, CBD is responsible for activated or inhibited channels, for ACh release via muscarinic receptor modulation, and by the inhibition of nicotinic receptors leading to neuromuscular blockade, with no damage to striated muscle cells.

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Skeletal Muscle

Cited by 5 publications

References 126 publications

Fibre types in primary ‘flight’ muscles of the African Penguin (Spheniscus demersus)

Fibre types in primary ‘flight’ muscles of the African Penguin (Spheniscus demersus)

Effects of Vochysia haenkeana extract on the neuromuscular blockade induced by Bothrops jararaca venom on chick biventer cervicis preparation in vitro

Multi targets of cannabidiol (CBD) on skeletal mammalian and avian neuromuscular preparations

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