Skeletal disorders associated with the growth hormone–insulin-like growth factor 1 axis

Prediction of vertebral fractures in cancer patients undergoing hormone deprivation therapies: Reliability of WHO fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX) and bone mineral density in real-life clinical practice

“…Noteworthy, HDT causes not only decrease in bone mass but also early alterations in trabecular and cortical bone microarchitecture with consequent deterioration in bone quality occurring independently of decrease in BMD [43] , [44] , [45] . The mechanisms responsible for these skeletal effects and for the differences between hormone deprivation therapy-induced skeletal fragility and primary osteoporosis have not been completely understood, although abnormalities in body composition as well as alterations in skeletal hormone signals might play a role [4] , [46] . Consistently, fractures were reported in a large number of males and females exposed to HDTs even in the context of normal or low-normal BMD [2] , [47] .…”

Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Levels, Facture Risk Assessment Tool Scores and Bone Disorders in Patients with Primary Biliary Cholangitis

“…Recently, several academic societies have addressed or discussed when to initiate osteoporosis treatment using the FRAX [ 12 , 13 ]. Meanwhile, IGF-1 plays a vital role in bone growth and homeostasis, and its decreased levels are associated with bone disorders [ 6 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]. Hence, serum IGF-1 levels may be useful for predicting fracture risk.…”

“…A study on children with end-stage liver disease showed that low BMD was associated with low serum IGF-1 levels and liver transplantation led to significant improvement in serum IGF-1 levels and BMD [ 28 ]. Given that IGF-1 signaling promotes osteoblast and osteoclast cell differentiation, increases type I collagen transcription and inhibits collagenase synthesis, IGF-1 plays an essential role in bone remodeling and maintenance [ 14 ]. Accordingly, decreased IGF-1 levels could lead to low bone mass, bone disorders and high fracture risk, as suggested in this study.…”

“…Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), which is synthesized primarily in hepatocytes, regulates bone metabolism, and plays an important role in bone growth and maintenance [ 14 , 15 ]. Patients with CLD complicated by osteoporosis were reported to have lower serum IGF-1 levels than those without osteoporosis [ 6 , 16 ].…”

Osteoporosis pathogenesis and treatment: existing and emerging avenues

“…The knowledge gained from these animal models provides critical in vivo physiological and pathological evidence that reflects bone function and health in humans [123]. Importantly, the knowledge of the etiology, prevention, and treatment of osteoporosis obtained from these animal studies [124] could lead to the identification of new regulatory factors that could be developed as early diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for osteoporosis [125].…”