Skatole metabolism in the intact pre-pubescent male pig: The relationship between hepatic enzyme activity and skatole concentrations in plasma and fat

Lanthier, F; Lou, Yanping; Squires, E. J.

doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2006.07.009

Cited by 21 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 41 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Lanthier et al (2007) found that the accumulation of skatole in the prepubertal pig was not related to the activities of CYP2E1, CYP2A and aldehyde oxidase, although SULT1A1 activity was negatively correlated with skatole levels in plasma and fat. In this paper, skatole levels were measured in intestinal content to distinguish between high and low skatole producers.…”

Section: Skatole Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Differences in metabolism and clearance of skatole should be assessed in pigs that are producing high levels of skatole and thus have high levels of skatole in faeces (Claus et al, 1993;Lanthier et al, 2007). In this way, we can separate pigs that have low fat skatole due to the efficient metabolism of skatole in the liver from those that have low fat skatole due to decreased production of skatole in the intestinal tract.…”

Section: Genetic Effects On Boar Taintmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Biochemical, nutritional and genetic effects on boar taint in entire male pigs

Zamaratskaia

Squires

2009

Animal

Self Cite

191

179

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Pork odour is to a great extent affected by the presence of malodorous compounds, mainly androstenone and skatole. The present review outlines the current state of knowledge about factors involved in the regulation of androstenone and skatole in entire male pigs. Androstenone is a pheromonal steroid synthesised in the testes and metabolised in the liver. Part of androstenone accumulates in adipose tissue causing a urine-like odour. Skatole is produced in the large intestine by bacterial degradation of tryptophan and metabolised by hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes and sulphotransferase. The un-metabolised part accumulates in adipose tissue, causing faecal-like odour. Androstenone levels are mostly determined by genetic factors and stage of puberty, whereas skatole levels in addition to genetic background and hormonal status of the pigs are also controlled by nutritional and environmental factors. To reduce the risk of tainted carcasses entering the market, male pigs are surgically castrated in many countries. However, entire males compared to castrates have superior production characteristics: higher growth rate, better feed efficiency and leaner carcasses. Additionally, animal welfare aspects are currently of particular importance in light of increasing consumers' concerns. Nutrition, hormonal status, genetic influence on boar taint compounds and the methods to develop genetic markers are discussed. Boar taint due to high levels of skatole and androstenone is moderately heritable and not all market weight entire males have boar taint; it should thus be possible to select for pigs that do not have boar taint. In these studies, it is critical to assess the steroidogenic potential of the pigs in order to separate late-maturing pigs from those with a low genetic potential for boar taint. A number of candidate genes for boar taint have been identified and work is continuing to develop genetic markers for low boar taint. More research is needed to clarify the factors involved in the development of boar taint and to develop additional methods to prevent the accumulation of high concentrations of skatole and androstenone in fat. This review proposes those areas requiring further research.

show abstract

Section: Skatole Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Genetic Effects On Boar Taintmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochemical, nutritional and genetic effects on boar taint in entire male pigs

Zamaratskaia

Squires

2009

Animal

Self Cite

191

179

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It was recently shown that hydroxylation of p ‐nitrophenol, which is often used as a marker of CYP2E1 activity in pigs (Zamaratskaia et al. 2005b; Lanthier et al. 2007), is also metabolized by CYP2A (Skaanild and Friis 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro Cytochrome P450 2E1 and 2A Activities in the Presence of Testicular Steroids

Rasmussen

Zamaratskaia

Ekstrand

2011

Reprod Domestic Animals

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) and 2A (CYP2A) are the main enzymes involved in the metabolism of skatole in pigs. In this study, physiological concentrations of androstenone, 17β-oestradiol and testosterone were tested for their ability to regulate CYP2E1 and CYP2A activity in liver microsomes isolated from entire male and female pigs as well as in microsomes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing either human recombinant CYP2E1 or CYP2A6. We found that physiological concentrations of androstenone and oestradiol had the ability to inhibit CYP2E1 activity. The magnitude of this inhibition (approximately 30%) was similar in recombinant human CYP2E1 and microsomes from entire male pigs. This inhibition was only seen when adding the steroid to the assay 15 min before the substrate. Interestingly, CYP2E1 activity in the microsomes from female pigs was not affected. None of the investigated steroids modified the activity of recombinant human CYP2A6. However, CYP2A activity was slightly increased in the microsomes from female pigs in the presence of oestradiol, but the magnitude of this increase was very low (below 10%) and probably irrelevant. Overall, these results indicate that physiological concentrations of androstenone and oestradiol have a potential to inhibit CYP2E1 activities in vitro, and that this inhibition is gender-specific. Further studies are needed to investigate the biochemical mechanisms underlying those differences between the genders.

show abstract

“…Bulbourethral glands were removed from the carcass and their length was recorded. Fat samples were analysed for 5 α ‐androstenone by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (Squires & Lundström 1997) and skatole by high‐performance liquid chromatography (Lanthier et al. 2007).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of a c.‐8G>T polymorphism on the expression of cytochrome b5A and boar taint in pigs

et al. 2008

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The level of cytochrome b5A (CYB5A) in pig testis is correlated with boar taint from androstenone and an AF016388:c.-8G>T polymorphism in CYB5A has been linked with low androstenone levels in the fat of pigs. In this study, we developed a polymerase chain reaction-based assay to genotype 1242 boars from eight lines for the c.-8G>T SNP. The c.-8T allele was found in all eight lines at a frequency ranging from 1.8% to 20.3% with an overall frequency of 8.6%. Significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were found in the Hampshire, Landrace and Yorkshire breeds. The homozygous mutant c.-8TT occurred infrequently and was not found in some lines, but was consistently associated with low androstenone levels in fat. Both CYB5A mRNA and CYB5A protein levels were decreased in the c.-8TT genotype in a subset of Yorkshire boars, suggesting that low levels of CYB5A protein in the c.-8TT mutant were not due to inefficient translation of CYB5A mRNA. There were significant but modest marker effects on fat androstenone levels in Landrace, Yorkshire and a Large White/Duroc cross and fat skatole in Duroc and Sire Line breeds. There was no effect of CYB5A genotype on bulbourethral gland length, suggesting that this SNP will not affect reproductive traits. We conclude that the c.-8G>T SNP in the CYB5A gene has a significant but modest effect on boar taint in male pigs and could be useful in some breeds as part of a panel of SNP markers in a marker-assisted selection programme to produce low boar taint pigs.

show abstract

Skatole metabolism in the intact pre-pubescent male pig: The relationship between hepatic enzyme activity and skatole concentrations in plasma and fat

Cited by 21 publications

References 41 publications

Biochemical, nutritional and genetic effects on boar taint in entire male pigs

Biochemical, nutritional and genetic effects on boar taint in entire male pigs

In Vitro Cytochrome P450 2E1 and 2A Activities in the Presence of Testicular Steroids

The effect of a c.‐8G>T polymorphism on the expression of cytochrome b5A and boar taint in pigs

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About