“…An important factor in the development of the root system of clonal rootstocks is influenced by the type of substrate for hilling, which improves the mechanical properties of the soil in uterine plantings and enhances the rooting processes of cuttings [13]. Having monitored domestic and foreign scientific works over the past 20 years, they revealed that it is necessary to use substrates on an intensive mother liquor of clonal apple rootstocks to increase productivity [14][15].…”