“…The minimum cross-sectional area of all design variables is 0.1 inch 2 . The structure is designed against three independent loading conditions: (1) 1.0 kip acting in the positive x-direction at nodes 1,6,15,20,29,34,43,48,57,62, and 71; (2) 10.0 kips acting in the negative y-direction at nodes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 29,30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, This truss problem has been previously studied using SAHS [27], TLBO [34], ABC-AP [36], WEO [39], FPA [38], HPSACO [40], and HPSSO [41]. The optimized designs are compared in Table 10.…”