Sizing of air-conditioning plant for commercial buildings in Hong Kong

Yu, Philip C.H.; Chow, Wan Ki

doi:10.1016/s0306-2619(99)00126-9

Cited by 17 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…A number of building energy specialists has used it to analyze the electricity consumption in hotels (Chan and Lam, 2002). Yu and Chow's study found that 28 per cent of surveyed commercial building designers used this method either to estimate the size of air‐conditioning plant or to compare the result generated by simple energy estimation program (Yu and Chow, 2000). Thus, this method seems to be more suitable for the stage of hotel design, not operations. Multiple regression.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental measures for hotels' environmental management systems

Chan

2009

International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management

101

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PurposeImplementation of environmental management systems (EMS) in hotels is gaining popularity world‐wide. ISO 14001, which is the only certifying document in the ISO 14000 series, provides guidelines to set up an EMS. However, there is a paucity of information about the actual environmental measures implemented in ISO 14001 certified hotels. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to identify and generalize the environmental measures undertaken by studied hotels and to evaluate the performance of these environmental measures.Design/methodology/approachThree case studies were carried out to identify the green measures undertaken in ISO 14001‐certified hotels. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected and analyzed. Then, regression analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between monthly utilities input (electricity, gas, fuel oil and water) and activity parameters.FindingsA total of 113 measures were identified, nearly half of which concern energy conservation. Results of multiple regression showed that R2 for different utilities varied. The explanatory power of equation was strong for electricity consumption, moderate for fuel gas consumption, and weak for both gas and water consumption.Practical implicationsThe identified measures provide hoteliers with a thorough picture about the actual environmental works involved in this internationally recognized EMS. Hotel operators and owners can use these measures as a reference either for applying EMS certification or for developing their own EMS.Originality/valueThe paper, which was based on operational experiences from existing hotels, was a collaborative work between hospitality industry practitioners and educators. The paper is also the first of its kind to unveil the comprehensive environmental measures undertaken in city hotels with ISO 14001 certification.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental measures for hotels' environmental management systems

Chan

2009

International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management

101

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“…Chiller plants are often oversized. 14 The level of spare capacity available would affect the intensity of usage of the chillers, and hence the demand for their maintenance.…”

Section: Effects Of Operation Period and Heat Rejection Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maintenance cost of chiller plants in Hong Kong

Lai

Yik

Chan

2009

Building Services Engineering Research and Technology

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Research findings about maintenance costs of chiller plants — a ubiquitous installation in large buildings, are rare. The study reported in this paper was conducted through inspection of 40 maintenance contracts, their associated monthly service reports and payment records, and interviews with the contract administrators. Routine maintenance cost was found to dominate among the maintenance resources. Repair maintenance work accounts for a less, but significant portion. The cost incurred for emergency maintenance work is minimal and condition analysis is seldom applied. Large chiller plants, by virtue of their scale, can economise on their maintenance cost. Total maintenance cost varies with plant age following a `bell-shape' pattern, with relatively less expenditure for new and old plants whereas that incurred for middle-aged plants spreads over a wide range. Factors that potentially affect the cost relation between preventive maintenance and corrective maintenance have been identified. Apart from investigating their effects clearer, future work is needed to explore how to improve the practice of recording plant faults, which are crucial performance data to reflect whether the costs spent on maintenance are value-for-money. Practical application: The study has revealed the significance of various maintenance cost elements and the empirical cost relation between preventive maintenance and corrective maintenance. The effects of plant capacity, age of plant, operation period and heat rejection method on maintenance cost have also been analysed. Understanding the influence of these factors can help practitioners prepare maintenance budgets and perform benchmarking exercises. Besides, the lack of proper record of plant faults, as identified, is a barrier, which needs to be overcome before evaluating the value of maintenance service.

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“…Reynolds, Grashof, Froude, Archimedes numbers) (Shuren et al, 1993;Awbi, 2003;Etheridge and Sandberg, 1996). In this study, the temperature of the air supply jet is different from the ambient temperature, and the non-isothermal airflow is mainly affected by gravity and buoyancy which can be expressed by Reynolds number Re and Froude number Fr (Yu and Chow, 2000). However, it is impossible to achieve both similitude parameters in practical experiments (Linden, 1999).…”

Section: Reduced-scale Model Setupmentioning

confidence: 96%

PIV Measurements of Air Distribution in a Reduced-Scale Model - Ventilation of a Busbar Corridor in a Hydropower Station

Tao

Bao

et al. 2013

International Journal of Ventilation

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On the basis of modelling with similarity theory and by using the Archimedes number, Ar, as the similitude parameter, this paper analyzes the air distribution of a busbar corridor in a hydropower station by using the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurement technique. The measurements were conducted in a 1:50 scale model for nine different operating conditions, including three air supply rates: 0.75G 0 , G 0 , 1.25 G 0 and three heat release rates: 0.75Q 0 , Q 0 , 1.25 Q 0 (G 0 and Q 0 are design values). The variation regularity of air distribution for the nine conditions were analyzed and evaluated based on the following aspects: the airflow pattern in the busbar corridor, the efficiency of energy utilization and the uniformity of air velocity and air temperature in the occupied zone. The experimental results show that the confluence of two air supply jets forms a cold airflow attached on the ground of the occupied zone, and that the attached distance increases with larger modified Archimedes number Ar Q . For air temperature increasing in the air supply direction, the maximum temperature increase appears at the outlet and is 5 °C, while the minimum temperature increase appears at the inlet and is 2 °C. Moreover, the energy utilization coefficient η in Case 5 is the largest compared with other cases, which illustrates that good economical efficiency in the model can be obtained by choosing 0.2 m/s as the air supply velocity when the heat release rate is 7.4 W. The experimental data of this research provide a useful reference for ventilation system design for similar types of underground buildings.

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Sizing of air-conditioning plant for commercial buildings in Hong Kong

Cited by 17 publications

References 2 publications

Environmental measures for hotels' environmental management systems

Environmental measures for hotels' environmental management systems

Maintenance cost of chiller plants in Hong Kong

PIV Measurements of Air Distribution in a Reduced-Scale Model - Ventilation of a Busbar Corridor in a Hydropower Station

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