Sizing electrolyzer capacity in conjunction with an off-grid photovoltaic system for the highest hydrogen production

Abstract

The electrolysis of renewable energy to produce hydrogen has become a strategy for supporting a decarbonized economy. However, it is typically not cost-effective compared to conventional carbon-emitting methods. Due to the predicted intermediate of low-and zero-marginal-cost renewable energy sources, the ability of electrolysis to connect with electricity pricing offers a novel way to cost reduction. Moreover, renewables, particularly photovoltaics, have a deflationary effect on the value of the grid when they are deployed. This study investigates solar electrolysis configurations employing photovoltaic cells to feed a proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer for hydrogen production. Using experimental meteorological data at 1-min precision, the system has been evaluated in Baghdad, the capital of Iraq. Positioned at the yearly optimum tilt angle for the selected site, the solar array is rated at 12 kWp. Temperature effects on solar module energy loss are taken into account. Several electrolyzers with capacities ranging from 2 to 14 kW in terms of hydrogen production were examined to determine the efficacy and efficiency of renewable sources. MATLAB was utilized for the simulation procedure, with a 2021–2035 project lifespan in mind. The results suggest that a variety of potentially cost-competitive options exist for systems with market configurations that closely approximate wholesale renewable hydrogen. At 4313 h of operation per year, the planned photovoltaic array generated 18,892 kWh of energy. The achieved hydrogen production cost ranges between $5.39/kg and $3.23/kg, with an ideal electrolyzer capacity of 8 kW matching a 12 kWp photovoltaic array capable of producing 450 kg/year of hydrogen at a cost of $3.23/kg.

Assessment of industrial-scale green hydrogen production using renewable energy

“…In the most optimistic scenario, the cost of green hydrogen production -that is, hydrogen produced by electrolyzing water using renewable energy -is in line with the cost of producing blue hydrogen when the CO 2 tax is less than $35 per tonne. [56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64] This suggests that renewable energy technologies can be cost-competitive with more traditional methods of hydrogen production, especially in jurisdictions with low carbon taxes. [65][66][67] The analysis concludes by highlighting the necessity for technical innovation to reduce the cost of components in the green hydrogen production system.…”

“…The study sheds light on the promising potential of solar energy for green hydrogen production in Diyala city, both in terms of volume and cost-effectiveness. 57 Not only does this research provide valuable data for policymakers and industry stakeholders in Diyala, but it also serves as a model for other regions with similar climatic conditions. Furthermore, by highlighting the importance of customizing renewable infrastructure based on location-specific renewable resources, this study paves the way for more nuanced and informed strategies in the realm of renewable energy-driven hydrogen production.…”

Feasibility of Photovoltaic-Powered Hydrogen Production for Off-Site Refueling Stations in Iraqi Cities: A Techno-Economic Analysis

“…As the country looks towards decreasing its dependence on oil and gas, which has historically dominated its economy, transitioning to renewable energy sources for hydrogen production represents a strategic move towards a more diversified and resilient energy sector. This shift supports Iraq energy requirements and aligns with global environmental goals by mitigating the impact of fossil fuels [4]. Moreover, the optimal use of solar and other intermittent renewable energy sources for hydrogen production often involves integrating grid-connected electrolyzers.…”

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles: Opportunities and Challenges

“…Other countries, including France, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Norway, have also shown interest and taken steps to promote the adoption of HFCVs, although the scale of deployment varies [41]. The development and adoption of hydrogen fuel cell cars are part of a broader global effort to transition to sustainable and low-carbon transportation alternatives.…”