Sizing Chemistry of Glass Fibers

Thomason, James

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-72200-5_4

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 169 publications

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“…Furthermore, hydrolysis of chemical functions, either in silanes or polymeric film formers, occurs in the presence of moisture and is accelerated with heat [32,33]. Although it is not clear to what extent the film formers will be integrated by chemical bonding into the matrix [28], it was found by FTIR investigations that the reactivity of, e.g., epoxy functions, decreases during storage and aging [33,40]. The reduced reactivity of the sizing then also causes a significant reduction in fiber/matrix adhesion in the subsequently manufactured composites.…”

Section: Design Of Experiments and Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With atomic force microscopy investigations, it was revealed that the interphase properties are severely reduced by water absorption, with the weakened region significantly increasing in size [26,27]. Most commercial glass fiber sizings consist mainly of reactive organofunctional silanes as coupling agents and matrix resin-compatible film formers [22,28]. Additionally, sizings often contain antistatic agents, lubricating agents and surfactants, which make sizings a highly complex and difficult component to explore [28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most commercial glass fiber sizings consist mainly of reactive organofunctional silanes as coupling agents and matrix resin-compatible film formers [22,28]. Additionally, sizings often contain antistatic agents, lubricating agents and surfactants, which make sizings a highly complex and difficult component to explore [28]. Since most of these ingredients are reactive, they are subject to natural aging, which results in declining functionality of the sizing over time [29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Sizing Aging on the Strength and Fatigue Life of Composites Using a New Test Method and Tailored Fiber Pre-Treatment: A Comprehensive Analysis

et al. 2023

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Given the time-consuming and complex nature associated with the aging of composites, a novel fabric pre-aging method was developed and evaluated for static and fatigue testing. It allows for investigating sizing and interphase-related aging effects. This fast method is independent of the diffusion processes and the composites’ thickness. Moreover, the new methodology offers enhanced analysis of the sizing, interphase, and fiber-related degradation of composites without aging them by conventional accelerated procedures or under severe maritime environments. For validation purposes, fiber bundle, longitudinal, and transverse tensile tests were performed with five different glass fiber inputs. Significant differences in the durability of composites were found for pre-aging and classical aging, respectively. The impacts of degradation of the single constituents on the fatigue life are identified by cyclic testing of untreated, pre-aged, and wet-aged composites. Here, it is evident that the interphase strength is likewise essential for the tension-tension fatigue performance of unidirectional composites, as is the fiber strength itself. In summary, the presented method provides industry and academia with an additional opportunity to examine the durability of different fibers, sizings, and composites for design purposes following a reasonable methodology.

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Section: Design Of Experiments and Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Influence of Sizing Aging on the Strength and Fatigue Life of Composites Using a New Test Method and Tailored Fiber Pre-Treatment: A Comprehensive Analysis

et al. 2023

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Capillary Effects in Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite Processing: A Review

et al. 2022

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Capillarity plays a crucial role in many natural and engineered systems, ranging from nutrient delivery in plants to functional textiles for wear comfort or thermal heat pipes for heat dissipation. Unlike nano- or microfluidic systems with well-defined pore network geometries and well-understood capillary flow, fiber textiles or preforms used in composite structures exhibit highly anisotropic pore networks that span from micron scale pores between fibers to millimeter scale pores between fiber yarns that are woven or stitched into a textile preform. Owing to the nature of the composite manufacturing processes, capillary action taking place in the complex network is usually coupled with hydrodynamics as well as the (chemo) rheology of the polymer matrices; these phenomena are known to play a crucial role in producing high quality composites. Despite its importance, the role of capillary effects in composite processing largely remained overlooked. Their magnitude is indeed rather low as compared to hydrodynamic effects, and it is difficult to characterize them due to a lack of adequate monitoring techniques to capture the time and spatial scale on which the capillary effects take place. There is a renewed interest in this topic, due to a combination of increasing demand for high performance composites and recent advances in experimental techniques as well as numerical modeling methods. The present review covers the developments in the identification, measurement and exploitation of capillary effects in composite manufacturing. A special focus is placed on Liquid Composite Molding processes, where a dry stack is impregnated with a low viscosity thermoset resin mainly via in-plane flow, thus exacerbating the capillary effects within the anisotropic pore network of the reinforcements. Experimental techniques to investigate the capillary effects and their evolution from post-mortem analyses to in-situ/rapid techniques compatible with both translucent and non-translucent reinforcements are reviewed. Approaches to control and enhance the capillary effects for improving composite quality are then introduced. This is complemented by a survey of numerical techniques to incorporate capillary effects in process simulation, material characterization and by the remaining challenges in the study of capillary effects in composite manufacturing.

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Sizing Chemistry of Glass Fibers

Cited by 2 publications

References 169 publications

Influence of Sizing Aging on the Strength and Fatigue Life of Composites Using a New Test Method and Tailored Fiber Pre-Treatment: A Comprehensive Analysis

Influence of Sizing Aging on the Strength and Fatigue Life of Composites Using a New Test Method and Tailored Fiber Pre-Treatment: A Comprehensive Analysis

Capillary Effects in Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite Processing: A Review

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