Size‐selective predation accounts for intra‐ and inter‐specific variation of inducible morphological defense of <i>Daphnia</i>

Nagano, Mariko; Yoshida, Takehito

doi:10.1002/ecs2.3192

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…We also found two morphological types of ephippia that originated from Daphnia pulex and Daphnia ambigua in the same sediment core samples, and we confirmed that ephippia of D. pulex have mitochondrial DNA of D. pulex (Otake in prep). Furthermore, previous studies have reported D. pulex and D. ambigua in Lake Fukami‐ike (Nagano & Yoshida, 2020; So et al., 2015). Thus, we identified the postabdominal claw with distinct teeth as the D. pulex and those without pectens as the D. ambigua .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Long‐term dynamics of a cladoceran community from an early stage of lake formation in Lake Fukami‐ike, Japan

Otake

Ohtsuki

Urabe

et al. 2020

Ecology and Evolution

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An increase in nutrient levels due to eutrophication has considerable effects on lake ecosystems. Cladocerans are intermediate consumers in lake ecosystems; thus, they are influenced by both the bottom‐up and top‐down effects that occur as eutrophication progresses. The long‐term community succession of cladocerans and the effects cladocerans experience through the various eutrophication stages have rarely been investigated from the perspective of the early‐stage cladoceran community assemblage during lake formation. In our research, long‐term cladoceran community succession was examined via paleolimnological analysis in the currently eutrophic Lake Fukami‐ike, Japan. We measured the concentration of total phosphorus and phytoplankton pigments and counted cladoceran and other invertebrate subfossils in all layers of collected sediment cores, and then assessed changes in the factors controlling the cladoceran community over a 354‐year period from lake formation to the present. The cladoceran community consisted only of benthic taxa at the time of lake formation. When rapid eutrophication occurred and phytoplankton increased, the benthic community was replaced by a pelagic community. After further eutrophication, large Daphnia and high‐order consumers became established. The statistical analysis suggested that bottom‐up effects mainly controlled the cladoceran community in the lake's early stages, and the importance of top‐down effects increased after eutrophication occurred. Total phosphorus and phytoplankton pigments had positive effects on pelagic Bosmina, leading to the replacement of the benthic cladoceran community by the pelagic one. In contrast, the taxa established posteutrophication were affected more by predators than by nutrient levels. A decrease in planktivorous fish possibly allowed large Daphnia to establish, and the subsequent increase in planktivorous fish reduced the body size of the cladoceran community.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Long‐term dynamics of a cladoceran community from an early stage of lake formation in Lake Fukami‐ike, Japan

Otake

Ohtsuki

Urabe

et al. 2020

Ecology and Evolution

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“…For example, D. pulex varies in vulnerability against Chaobrus larvae with growth stage, with high induction rates of neckteeth around the second instar, when they are most vulnerable (Lüning, 1992; Tollrian, 1995a, 1995b) and low rates outside the second instar, when they are less vulnerable. In other cases, using multivariate analysis, the degree of plasticity is found to increase during the growth stage of highly vulnerable body size of Daphnia , and decrease during the growth stage of less vulnerable body size, as predicted from size‐selective predation (Nagano & Yoshida, 2020). These results indicate that size differences among instar of Daphnia clearly affected the degree of plasticity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Predator‐induced plasticity in relation to prey body size: A meta‐analysis of Daphnia experiments

et al. 2023

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Predator‐induced plasticity is an adaptive response inprey to predation risks. Considering that size‐selective predation affects the body‐size distribution of prey populations, we hypothesised that the body size of species determines their expression of predator‐induced plasticity. However, as a result of variations in expression among species, an integrated understanding of the relationships between traits remains lacking. We considered the predator‐induced plasticity of Daphnia species separately for their body size, defensive morphology and life‐history traits. The aim of this study was to compare the predator‐induced plasticity of Daphnia against size‐selective predators: phantom midge Chaoborus larvae and fish. This meta‐analysis included 75 studies and nine plasticity traits for 15 Daphnia species. Daphnia were analysed separately according to phylogeny (subgenera Ctenodaphnia, Daphnia and Hyalodaphnia) and body size (large >3.0 mm, medium 2.0 mm and small 1.0 mm). Size‐dependent analyses showed that at least three of the nine plasticity traits were expressed in Daphnia against fish. Among the three subgenera, Daphnia induced the greatest plasticity against both predators (five key traits against Chaoborus and four against fish). The relationship between size and age at first reproduction showed that Daphnia exhibited different degrees of plasticity against Chaoborus and fish. Daphnia had only one set of life‐history response to fish, namely, decreased size at maturity and early reproduction. By contrast, Daphnia exhibited three sets of life‐history responses to Chaoborus larvae: decreased size and delayed reproduction, increased size and delayed reproduction, and increased size and early reproduction. Overall, predator‐induced plasticity was expressed well in small and medium‐sized Daphnia, and was more evident in small Daphnia than would be expected from size‐selective predation. This study shows that the body size of Daphnia is a key trait influencing its plasticity expression and evolution. We detected novel pattern among life‐history traits, but found no strong associations between morphological defences and life‐history traits. We suggest that prey size, predation preference and body size are important factors for understanding and explaining the evolution of phenotypic plasticity.

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“…Phenotypic plasticity is a possible mechanism contributing to changes in these traits. Indeed, Daphnia species, including D. pulex, have been reported to show highly plastic responses in various traits, including morphological, behavioural, and life history traits (Havel & Dodson, 1984;Herrmann et al, 2017;Loose, 1993), and significant morphological plasticity was also found in the studied population of D. pulex (Nagano & Yoshida, 2020). Phenotypic plasticity has been considered to aid colonisation to a novel environment and promote persistence of the population despite environmental changes (Hulme, 2007;Richards et al, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Although a positive effect from planktivorous fish may sound counterintuitive, if these haplotypes showed strong defences against planktivorous fish, they might have increased as a result of apparent competition (Holt & Bonsall, 2017). Indeed, it has been observed that the clones of D. pulex isolated from this lake displayed significant variation in inducible morphological defence (Nagano & Yoshida, 2020). As for inter‐haplotype interactions, the effects of dominant Jpn2C on other haplotypes were positive, suggesting that Jpn2C would have not prevented the growth of other haplotypes through competitive interaction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population genetic dynamics during colonisation and establishment of an obligate parthenogenetic Daphnia pulex population in a small lake of a continental archipelago

et al. 2022

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Population genetic diversity and structure are known to influence successful colonisation and establishment of a population in a novel habitat. However, our understanding of actual population genetic changes in the early stage of colonisation and detailed time‐series of genetic changes during the establishment of a new population is still limited due to the difficulty of making long‐term direct observations of a colonising population. Using a paleolimnological approach, we revealed the long‐term genetic dynamics of an obligate parthenogenetic panarctic Daphnia pulex population during the early stage of colonisation and subsequent establishment in Lake Fukami‐ike of Nagano, Japan. We collected diapausing eggs in ephippia of D. pulex from layers of sediment core samples (c. 370 cm long; dated 1662–2017) and then the mitochondrial DNA was sequenced using the markers designed for the NADH dehydrogenase 5 (ND5) gene and the control region. Daphnia pulex colonised and established a population in the early 2000s. Population genetic analysis showed that one colonising haplotype predominated in the population throughout the study period. Genetic diversity was consistently limited and there was no recovery of genetic diversity after colonisation. Clearly limited genetic diversity did not hamper population growth, possibly because phenotypic plasticity was used to cope with changes in predation pressure. Analysis using multivariate auto‐regressive models showed that responses to environmental and ecological factors varied depending on the haplotype, which may have contributed to successful colonisation of the lake by the different haplotypes. The present results suggest that an obligate parthenogenetic population can establish in a new habitat and be maintained for generations even though it has limited genetic diversity. We found that two independent lineages (JPN1 and JPN2) successfully established and coexisted toward the end of the study period. Although limited genetic diversity did not impede colonisation success, how the later colonising JPN1 lineage has successfully invaded a population consisting solely of the early colonising JPN2 deserves future attention to understand the population genetic dynamics revealed in this study.

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Size‐selective predation accounts for intra‐ and inter‐specific variation of inducible morphological defense of Daphnia

Cited by 6 publications

References 82 publications

Long‐term dynamics of a cladoceran community from an early stage of lake formation in Lake Fukami‐ike, Japan

Long‐term dynamics of a cladoceran community from an early stage of lake formation in Lake Fukami‐ike, Japan

Predator‐induced plasticity in relation to prey body size: A meta‐analysis of Daphnia experiments

Population genetic dynamics during colonisation and establishment of an obligate parthenogenetic Daphnia pulex population in a small lake of a continental archipelago

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