Size fractionation of iron, manganese and aluminium in Antarctic fast ice reveals a lithogenic origin and low iron solubility

Lannuzel, Delphine; Merwe, Pier van der; Townsend, Ashley T.; Bowie, Andrew R.

doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2014.02.006

Cited by 43 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…This trend has been observed in Arctic sea ice (Gradinger and Ikävalko, 1998;von Quillfeldt et al, 2003;Riedel et al, 2007) and has also been reported from an Antarctic fast ice study, where 97% of Fe incorporated in sea ice was in the form of PFe (Lannuzel et al, 2014b). In their study, large particles (> 10 µm) represented 80% of the PFe pool, indicating that the size of the particles is important.…”

Section: Size Of the Particlessupporting

confidence: 80%

“…Small amounts of seawater can be trapped in the advancing ice interface, entraining some impurities, but most of the seawater is rejected at the ice-seawater interface. However, Antarctic field studies have shown Fe and organic matter enrichment of 1 to 2 orders of magnitude over seawater (Grotti et al, 2005;Lannuzel et al, 2007Lannuzel et al, , 2008Lannuzel et al, , 2014aLannuzel et al, , 2014bvan der Merwe et al, 2009van der Merwe et al, , 2011avan der Merwe et al, , 2011b; de Jong et al,…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Incorporation of iron and organic matter into young Antarctic sea ice during its initial growth stages

Janssens

Meiners

Tison

et al. 2016

Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene

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This study reports concentrations of iron (Fe) and organic matter in young Antarctic pack ice and during its initial growth stages in situ. Although the importance of sea ice as an Fe reservoir for oceanic waters of the Southern Ocean has been clearly established, the processes leading to the enrichment of Fe in sea ice have yet to be investigated and quantified. We conducted two in situ sea-ice growth experiments during a winter cruise in the Weddell Sea. Our aim was to improve the understanding of the processes responsible for the accumulation of dissolved Fe (DFe) and particulate Fe (PFe) in sea ice, and of particulate organic carbon and nitrogen, dissolved organic carbon, extracellular polymeric substances, inorganic macro-nutrients (silicic acid, nitrate and nitrite, phosphate and ammonium), chlorophyll a and bacteria. Enrichment indices, calculated for natural young ice and ice newly formed in situ, indicate that during Antarctic winter all of the measured forms of particulate matter were enriched in sea ice compared to underlying seawater, and that enrichment started from the initial stages of sea-ice formation. Some dissolved material (DFe and ammonium) was also enriched in the ice but at lower enrichment indices than the particulate phase, suggesting that size is a key factor for the incorporation of impurities in sea ice. Low chlorophyll a concentrations and the fit of the macro-nutrients (with the exception of ammonium) with their theoretical dilution lines indicated low biological activity in the ice. From these and additional results we conclude that physical processes are the dominant mechanisms leading to the enrichment of DFe, PFe, organic matter and bacteria in young sea ice, and that PFe and DFe are decoupled during sea-ice formation. Our study thus provides unique quantitative insight into the initial incorporation of impurities, in particular DFe and PFe, into Antarctic sea ice.

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Section: Size Of the Particlessupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incorporation of iron and organic matter into young Antarctic sea ice during its initial growth stages

Janssens

Meiners

Tison

et al. 2016

Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene

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“…It is likely that the POC becomes smaller when UV is applied and is then more easily incorporated into the ice. This argument however contradicts what has been previously observed in the field, where large particles are preferentially incorporated in sea ice (Gradinger and Ikävalko, 1998;Riedel et al, 2007;Lannuzel et al, 2014b;Janssens et al, 2016).…”

Section: Effect Of Uv Treatment On Fe Incorporation Efficiency: Imporcontrasting

confidence: 87%

Organic Matter Controls of Iron Incorporation in Growing Sea Ice

et al. 2018

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This study presents the first laboratory-controlled sea-ice growth experiment conducted under trace metal clean conditions. The role played by organic matter in the incorporation of iron (Fe) into sea ice was investigated by means of laboratory ice-growth experiments using a titanium cold-finger apparatus. Experiments were also conducted to understand the role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in the enrichment of ammonium in sea ice. Sea ice was grown from several seawater solutions containing different quantities and qualities of particulate Fe (PFe), dissolved Fe (DFe) and organic matter. Sea ice and seawater were analyzed for particulate organic carbon and nitrogen, macro-nutrients, EPS, PFe, and DFe, and particulate aluminum. The experiments showed that biogenic PFe is preferentially incorporated into sea ice compared to lithogenic PFe. Furthermore, sea ice grown from ultra-violet (UV) and non-UV treated seawaters exhibits contrasting incorporation rates of organic matter and Fe. Whereas, the effects of UV-treatments were not always significant, we do find indications that the type or organic matter controls the enrichment of Fe in forming sea ice. Specifically, we come to the conclusion that the incorporation of DFe is favored by the presence of organic ligands in the source solution.

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“…The role of sea ice in nutrient cycling has been the subject of an increasing number of studies over the past decade (Aguilar-Islas et al, 2008;de Jong et al, 2013;Lancelot et al, 2009;Lannuzel et al, 2007Lannuzel et al, , 2008Lannuzel et al, , 2011Lannuzel et al, , 2013Lannuzel et al, , 2014Measures, 1999;van der Merwe et al, 2009van der Merwe et al, , 2011b. Observational data on iron concentrations in sea ice and the surrounding seawater are scarce due to harsh conditions and difficulty in making measurements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of sea ice on the marine iron cycle and phytoplankton productivity

et al. 2014

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Abstract. Iron is a key nutrient for phytoplankton growth in the surface ocean. At high latitudes, the iron cycle is closely related to the dynamics of sea ice. In recent decades, Arctic sea ice cover has been declining rapidly and Antarctic sea ice has exhibited large regional trends. A significant reduction of sea ice in both hemispheres is projected in future climate scenarios. In order to adequately study the effect of sea ice on the polar iron cycle, sea ice bearing iron was incorporated in the Community Earth System Model (CESM). Sea ice acts as a reservoir for iron during winter and releases the trace metal to the surface ocean in spring and summer. Simulated iron concentrations in sea ice generally agree with observations in regions where iron concentrations are relatively low. The maximum iron concentrations simulated in Arctic and Antarctic sea ice are much lower than observed, which is likely due to underestimation of iron inputs to sea ice or missing mechanisms. The largest iron source to sea ice is suspended sediments, contributing fluxes of iron of 2.2 × 10 8 mol Fe month −1 in the Arctic and 4

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Size fractionation of iron, manganese and aluminium in Antarctic fast ice reveals a lithogenic origin and low iron solubility

Cited by 43 publications

References 74 publications

Incorporation of iron and organic matter into young Antarctic sea ice during its initial growth stages

Incorporation of iron and organic matter into young Antarctic sea ice during its initial growth stages

Organic Matter Controls of Iron Incorporation in Growing Sea Ice

Impact of sea ice on the marine iron cycle and phytoplankton productivity

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