Size fractionation, chemotaxonomic groups and bio-optical properties of phytoplankton along a transect from the Mediterranean Sea to the SW Atlantic Ocean

Abstract

The relationships between the structure of the phytoplankton community and the bio-optical properties of surface waters were studied during the TransPEGASO cruise along a transect across the Atlantic Ocean that covered seven biogeographical provinces, from the Alborán Sea (SW Mediterranean) to the Patagonian Shelf. We characterized the composition of the phytoplankton community by means of high-performance liquid chromatography and CHEMTAX pigment analyses applied to whole water and two filtration size classes (< 3 and ≥ 3 μm), flow cytometric determinations and microscopic observations. Additionally, the study was complemented by measurements of the absorption of particulate matter and coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM). The size class distribution of the chlorophyll a (Chl a) obtained from the size-fractionated filtration (SFF) was compared with that resulting from the diagnostic pigment algorithms (VU) developed by Vidussi et al. (2001) and Uitz et al. (2006), and the total Chl a–based expressions (HI) of Hirata et al. (2011). The seven provinces crossed by the transect could be divided into an oligotrophic group with Chl a < 0.25 mg m-3 comprising the tropical and subtropical Atlantic (including the Canary Current Coastal Province), and a eutrophic group (Chl a > 0.5 mg m-3) with a single Mediterranean (MEDI) sample and those from the southwestern Atlantic Shelf (SWAS). According to CHEMTAX, the most important taxa in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic were Prochlorococcus, haptophytes and Synechoccoccus, while the MEDI and SWAS were dominated by diatoms and haptophytes. Both the VU and HI algorithms, which are based on pigment composition or Chl a concentration, predicted for SWAS a high proportion of nano- and microphytoplankton, while the SFF indicated dominance of the < 3 μm size class. In addition, the CHEMTAX results indicated a high average diatom contribution in this province. However, at several SWAS stations with relatively high values of diatom Chl a estimated by CHEMTAX, the microscopic observations found only small concentrations of nano- or microplankton-sized cells. This discrepancy appeared to be due to the presence, confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, of picoplankton-sized cells of the diatom Minidiscus sp. and of Parmales (a group sharing the pigment composition with the diatoms). These findings caution against a routine assignment of diatom pigments to the microplankton size class. The total non-water absorption in the water column was dominated by CDOM. The average contribution of phytoplankton absorption for the different provinces ranged from 19.3% in the MEDI to 45.7% in the SWAS and 47% in the western tropical Atlantic (WTRA). The Chl a–specific phytoplankton absorption [aph*(443), m2 mg-1] was lower in the MEDI and SWAS than in the oligotrophic provinces. aph*(443) was negatively correlated with the first principal component derived from a principal component analysis based on the concentration of the main pigments and was not correlated with indicators of phytoplankton community size structure such as the proportion of Chl a in the < 3 μm class or a size index derived from the VU size class distribution. These findings indicate that the variability observed in aph*(443) was mainly related to differences in pigment composition and possibly to photoacclimation processes, and that any package effects due to cell size were probably masked by other factors, an outcome that may be related to the relatively small influence of size within the narrow range of Chl a concentrations (all ≤ 2.4 mg m-3) considered in our study.

High Resolution Water Column Phytoplankton Composition Across the Atlantic Ocean From Ship-Towed Vertical Undulating Radiometry

“…For the gyre regions SATL, NATR, NASE, and WTRA TChla, PG Chla and PG Chla contributions to TChla from our data agree well to the other studies, except that in WTRA, SATL, and NASE the contribution by cyanobacteria in our study is higher (∼30%) than in Taylor et al (2011) and Nunes et al (2019), ∼15 and ∼10%, respectively). Within NASE in Taylor et al (2011) and Nunes et al (2019) Prochlorococcus contribute more (∼40%), while in our study the contribution of Prochlorococcus is significantly less (∼25%). It may be due to that relating the zeaxanthin concentration just to monovinyl-Chla and chlorophyllide a concentrations to obtain cyanobacteria Chla in our method is not sufficiently accounting for the contribution of Prochlorococcus to zeaxanthin.…”

“…Results for the CNRY region differ the most among the studies: While Nunes et al (2019) observe oligotrophic conditions with very low surface TChla (only ∼25% of our values), values in Barlow et al (2002) and Taylor et al (2011) are much higher (3.2 ± 1.7 mg/m 3 and 1.5-2 mg/m 3 , respectively). In Nunes et al (2019) the phytoplankton composition in CNRY is similar to NASE, except that Prochlorococcus decrease to ∼18% and diatoms increase to ∼15%. For Taylor et al (2011), the composition is similar to what we obtained for NECS, with diatoms dominating by ∼60% the biomass, followed by haptophytes and cyanobacteria (here grouped as Synechococcus) with about 10-15%.…”

“…While nutrients are depleted for most of the transect covered by the day time optical profiles, there are also a few locations where nutrients, though far below supporting phytoplankton bloom levels, could have supported the growth of phytoplankton. PG Chla and TChla in Nunes et al (2019) also correspond well to our results from Cluster V (BRAZ) stations with similar TChla range and diatoms, followed by haptophytes and chlorophytes as main contributors at surface waters. Taylor et al (2011) data from NECS, NADR, and NASE-N confirmed our surface TChla and PG Chla results based on HPLC data only.…”

“…In Barlow et al (2002), diatoms and haptophytes are probably similarly contributing and cyanobacteria are contributing the least. Our surface TChla and PG composition seem to fall between the two extreme cases (Nunes et al, 2019, versus Taylor et al, 2011). Since CNRY is described as the province being affected by sporadic offshore filaments of nutrient-rich waters originating in the seasonal Northwest African coastal upwelling (Longhurst, 2007), the TChla can fluctuate a lot and phytoplankton composition can also change.…”

“…The composition of phytoplankton obtained from our HPLC data and optical based predictions along the sampled Atlantic transect can be compared to previous point based PG surface Chla observations from HPLC verified with microscopic and flow cytometry data from Veldhuis and Kraay (2004), Taylor et al (2011), and Nunes et al (2019), and to pigment observations from Barlow et al (2002). The Longhurst provinces sampled by the studies corresponded well to parts of our transect: Taylor et al (2011) to the Northern part with NECS, NADR, NASE-N, NASE, and CNRY, Veldhuis and Kraay (2004) to NASE and NATR, Nunes et al (2019) to the Southern part with NASE, CNRY, NATR, WTRA, SATL, and SWAS, and Barlow et al (2002) to all provinces.…”