Size Distribution of Airborne Fungi in Vehicles Under Various Driving Conditions

Wang, Ya-Fen; Tsai, Cheng‐Hsien; Huang, Yan‐Hua; Chao, How‐Ran; Tsou, Tsui‐Chun; Kuo, Yi‐Ming; Wang, Linchi; Chen, Shih-Hsuan

doi:10.1080/19338244.2011.650798

Cited by 21 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Sowiak et al (2018) found that operating an AC system makes it possible to decrease fungal microbiota by 68-78%. Similar findings were observed by Wang et al (2013) and Vonberg et al (2010), studying bacterial and fungal spores after the airconditioning or ventilation was turned on. However, the abovementioned findings indicate that the AC systems or cabin filters may be contaminated with these microorganisms, and their extended use may result in an increase in microbial concentrations inside the driver's car.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Impact of air-conditioning system disinfection on microbial contamination of passenger cars

Gołofit-Szymczak

Stobnicka-Kupiec

Górny

2019

Air Qual Atmos Health

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An automobile airconditioning (AC) system can be a source of microbiological contamination in a driver's car. The aim of this study was to assess the level of microbial contamination before and after servicing of the automobile AC system, based on qualitative and quantitative analyses of bacteria and fungi isolated from the air, and to check the efficiency of different AC system cleaning methods in the removal of microbial contaminants. The study was carried out in 35 randomly selected cars, equipped with AC systems. In each car tested, viable bioaerosol samples were taken using a single-stage MAS impactor before and after servicing the AC systems. Four methods were used to disinfect the airconditioning installations in the vehicles examined: ozonisation, application of chemical disinfectant using ultrasounds, manual application of chemical disinfectant foam and simultaneous ozonisation and application of chemical disinfectant foam. The bacterial and fungal concentrations in air samples before AC servicing in cars were between 7.5 × 10 1 cfu/m 3 and 2.0 × 10 3 cfu/m 3 and 4.0 × 10 1 cfu/m 3 and 5.0 × 10 2 cfu/m 3 , respectively. Regardless of the disinfection method, after the AC service, a decrease in microbial concentrations was observed. The highest disinfection efficiency was observed for two methods: ozonisation combined with manual application of the chemical disinfectant into the airconditioning system and spraying of the chemical disinfectant using ultrasounds. On the basis of the results obtained, it can be concluded that airconditioning systems in cars should be regularly disinfected to eliminate microbiological contaminants, which may be the cause of adverse health effects on humans.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Impact of air-conditioning system disinfection on microbial contamination of passenger cars

Gołofit-Szymczak

Stobnicka-Kupiec

Górny

2019

Air Qual Atmos Health

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“…Previous studies have shown that both sympathetic transmitters (e.g., norepinephrine and epinephrine) and ROS promote proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells, their differentiation to megakaryocytes, and they induce megakaryocyte adhesion, migration, and proplatelet formation [ 33 , 48 ]. Intriguingly, chronic stress increases norepinephrine levels in bone marrow [ 35 ], which in turn increases NADPH oxidase-derived superoxide in different type of cells [ 49 , 50 ], suggesting a potential link between these cellular messengers under chronic stress condition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Apocynin Prevents Abnormal Megakaryopoiesis and Platelet Activation Induced by Chronic Stress

Sandrini

Ieraci

Amadio

et al. 2017

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

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Environmental chronic stress (ECS) has been identified as a trigger of acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Changes in redox balance, enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and platelet hyperreactivity were detected in both ECS and ACS. However, the mechanisms by which ECS predisposes to thrombosis are not fully understood. Here, we investigated the impact of ECS on platelet activation and megakaryopoiesis in mice and the effect of Apocynin in this experimental setting. ECS induced by 4 days of forced swimming stress (FSS) treatment predisposed to arterial thrombosis and increased oxidative stress (e.g., plasma malondialdehyde levels). Interestingly, Apocynin treatment prevented these alterations. In addition, FSS induced abnormal megakaryopoiesis increasing the number and the maturation state of bone marrow megakaryocytes (MKs) and affecting circulating platelets. In particular, a higher number of large and reticulated platelets with marked functional activation were detected after FSS. Apocynin decreased the total MK number and prevented their ability to generate ROS without affecting the percentage of CD42d+ cells, and it reduced the platelet hyperactivation in stressed mice. In conclusion, Apocynin restores the physiological megakaryopoiesis and platelet behavior, preventing the detrimental effect of chronic stress on thrombosis, suggesting its potential use in the occurrence of thrombosis associated with ECS.

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“…The interaction between aerosol particles and human cells is highly dependent on the site on which they deposition. The particles deposited in the nasopharynx may trigger nasal cavity irritations, the smaller ones -accumulated in the tracheal region -may cause asthmatic reactions, whereas the particles deposited in lower lung segments may induce allergic alveolitis type of reactions [1,21]. The analysis of size distribution curves before disinfection of air-conditioning system showed that both bacteria and fungi were usually present in the air as single cells or conidia (with aerodynamic diameters of 0.65-1.1 µm) as well as in the form of both fine (3.3-4.7 µm) and large (>7 µm) microbial and/or microbial-dust aggregates.…”

Section: Qualitative Analysis Of Bacterial and Fungal Microbiota In Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial Air Quality in Municipal Buses Before and After Disinfection of Their Air-Conditioning Systems

Gołofit-Szymczak¹,

Górny²,

Stobnicka-Kupiec³

et al. 2019

J. Ecol. Eng.

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To ensure the proper quality of the air and simultaneously improve the comfort of professional drivers or travellers, the cars are fit with airconditioning (AC) systems. The AC installations, however, quite often create suitable conditions for the development of microbiological agents and become an active emission source of harmful bioaerosols. This study was carried out in 6 municipal buses in large city located in central Poland. In studied vehicles, ozonisation or manual application of chemical disinfectant in a spray form were used for disinfection of AC bus systems. The concentrations of bacteria and fungi in the air collected in buses before the service of their AC installations were 4.3×10 2 CFU/m 3 and 2.4×10 2 CFU/m 3 , respectively. After AC service using both tested disinfection methods, the decrease in microbial concentrations in the air of municipal buses was observed. The highest effectiveness of AC cleaning was noted when the chemical disinfectant in a spray form was used. This study revealed that to eliminate microbiological contamination and, by that, decrease the exposure of both drivers and passengers to harmful microbial contaminants, the chemical disinfection of bus AC system should be performed at regular basis.

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Size Distribution of Airborne Fungi in Vehicles Under Various Driving Conditions

Cited by 21 publications

References 31 publications

Impact of air-conditioning system disinfection on microbial contamination of passenger cars

Impact of air-conditioning system disinfection on microbial contamination of passenger cars

Apocynin Prevents Abnormal Megakaryopoiesis and Platelet Activation Induced by Chronic Stress

Microbial Air Quality in Municipal Buses Before and After Disinfection of Their Air-Conditioning Systems

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