Size distribution and concentration of fungal aerosol in animal premises of a zoological garden

Grzyb, J.; Lenart‐Boroń, Anna

doi:10.1007/s10453-020-09625-z

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(33 reference statements)

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“…Airborne fungal levels, measured by the active sampling method, were overall higher compared to previously reported levels in NHP facilities (median 71 CFU/m 3 , range 0–635) [ 40 ]. However, compared to monkey enclosures in a zoo setting, our results are well below their observed median (2929 CFU/m 3 ) and range (2461–3294 CFU/m 3 ) [ 41 ]. Occupancy rates (animals per m 2 ) varied in these studies and included 1.2–3.6, 22.8 and 2.4–3.6 for the laboratory-housed monkeys, zoo-housed monkey and the monkeys housed at BPRC, respectively.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 53%

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Assessment of Indoor Air Quality for Group-Housed Macaques (Macaca spp.)

Maaskant

Janssen

Wouters

et al. 2022

Animals

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Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) is strongly associated with animal health and wellbeing. To identify possible problems of the indoor environment of macaques (Macaca spp.), we assessed the IAQ. The temperature (°C), relative humidity (%) and concentrations of inhalable dust (mg/m3), endotoxins (EU/m3), ammonia (ppm) and fungal aerosols were measured at stationary fixed locations in indoor enclosures of group-housed rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis). In addition, the personal exposure of caretakers to inhalable dust and endotoxins was measured and evaluated. Furthermore, the air circulation was assessed with non-toxic smoke, and the number of times the macaques sneezed was recorded. The indoor temperature and relative humidity for both species were within comfortable ranges. The geometric mean (GM) ammonia, dust and endotoxin concentrations were 1.84 and 0.58 ppm, 0.07 and 0.07 mg/m3, and 24.8 and 6.44 EU/m3 in the rhesus and cynomolgus macaque units, respectively. The GM dust concentrations were significantly higher during the daytime than during the nighttime. Airborne fungi ranged between 425 and 1877 CFU/m3. Personal measurements on the caretakers showed GM dust and endotoxin concentrations of 4.2 mg/m3 and 439.0 EU/m3, respectively. The number of sneezes and the IAQ parameters were not correlated. The smoke test revealed a suboptimal air flow pattern. Although the dust, endotoxins and ammonia were revealed to be within accepted human threshold limit values (TLV), caretakers were exposed to dust and endotoxin levels exceeding existing occupational reference values.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 53%

“…Furthermore, the ventilation rate may affect the fungal aerosol levels. Only in the zoo, the setting of air exchange for six times a day was reported [ 41 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Indoor Air Quality for Group-Housed Macaques (Macaca spp.)

Maaskant

Janssen

Wouters

et al. 2022

Animals

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“…This study is a continuation of previous experiments carried out in the zoo in Kraków: in the first, focused on bacterial bioaerosol (Grzyb and Lenart-Boroń 2019 ); in the second, focused on fungal bioaerosol (Grzyb and Lenart-Boroń 2020 ). The third work again concerns bacterial bioaerosol, but in a different facility: at the zoo in Chorzów (Grzyb and Pawlak 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Staphylococci and fecal bacteria as bioaerosol components in animal housing facilities in the Zoological Garden in Chorzów

Grzyb

Pawlak

2021

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Zoos are places open for a large number of visitors, adults and children, who can admire exotic as well as indigenous animal species. The premises for animals may contain pathogenic microbes, including those exhibiting antibiotic resistance. It poses a threat to people remaining within the zoo premises, both for animal keepers who meet animals on a daily basis and visitors who infrequently have contact with animals. There are almost no studies concerning the presence on the concentration of airborne bacteria, especially staphylococci and fecal bacteria in animal shelters in the zoo. There is no data about antibiotic resistance of staphylococci in these places. The results will enable to determine the scale of the threat that indicator bacteria from the bioaerosol pose to human health within zoo premises. This study conducted in rooms for 5 animals group (giraffes, camels, elephants, kangaroos, and Colobinae (species of monkey)) in the Silesian Zoological Garden in Chorzów (Poland). The bioaerosol samples were collected using a six-stage Andersen cascade impactor to assess the concentrations and size distribution of airborne bacteria. Staphylococci were isolated from bioaerosol and tested for antibiotic resistance. In our study, the highest contamination of staphylococci and fecal bacteria was recorded in rooms for camels and elephants, and the lowest in rooms for Colobinae. At least 2/3 of bacteria in bioaerosol constituted respirable fraction that migrates into the lower respiratory tract of the people. In investigated animal rooms, the greatest bacteria contribution was recorded for bioaerosol fraction sized 1.1–3.3μm. Bacterial concentrations were particularly strong in spring and autumn, what is related to shedding fur by animals. Among the isolated staphylococci which most often occurred were Staphylococcus succinus, S. sciuri, and S. vitulinus. The highest antibiotic resistance was noted in the case of Staphylococcus epidermidis, while the lowest for S. xylosus. In addition to standard cleaning of animal rooms, periodic disinfection should be considered. Cleaning should be carried out wet, which should reduce dust, and thus the concentrations of bacteria in the air of animal enclosures.

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“…Mold fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria, Scopulariopsis, and Trichoderma as well as mesophilic and thermophilic actinobacteria may be present in organic dust as a result of biomass processing (Kalogerakis et al 2005;Buczyńska et al 2007;Ziajka 2008; Chen and Hildemann 2009; Gołofit-Szymczak and Ławniczek-Wałczyk 2011). It should be emphasized that mycological pollution of both indoor and outdoor air is correlated with the concentration of dust in the air of buildings (Grzyb and Lenart-Boroń 2020).…”

Section: Bioaerosols In the Premises Of Plants Processing Materials Of Plant Originmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioaerosols at plants processing materials of plant origin—a review

Bulski

2020

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Due to the dynamic development of industry, related to the processing of plant materials and a subsequent significant increase in the number of employees working in this kind of industry, the indoor air quality is of great importance for the human health. The premises of plants processing plant materials are a specific environment, related to exposure to biological agents. The major sources of microbial contamination of premises are employees’ activities and the operation of devices used in the production process, quality of plant materials, technological processes, construction materials, ventilation (air-conditioning) systems, and outdoor air. Biological agents (primarily bacteria and fungi) transported in the air can cause numerous adverse health outcomes in exposed workers.

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Size distribution and concentration of fungal aerosol in animal premises of a zoological garden

Cited by 9 publications

References 18 publications

Assessment of Indoor Air Quality for Group-Housed Macaques (Macaca spp.)

Assessment of Indoor Air Quality for Group-Housed Macaques (Macaca spp.)

Staphylococci and fecal bacteria as bioaerosol components in animal housing facilities in the Zoological Garden in Chorzów

Bioaerosols at plants processing materials of plant origin—a review

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