“…This supports the finding that the placenta is not an impenetrable barrier, as already confirmed for other xenobiotics such as drugs and alcohol [ 131 ]. In animal models, transplacental passage has been reported for Ag NPs [ 47 – 54 ], Al 2 O 3 NPs [ 44 ], Au NPs [ 57 , 59 – 61 ], CeO 2 NPs [ 67 ], DEP [ 91 ], QDs [ 62 ], SiO 2 NPs [ 70 , 71 , 73 , 74 ], TiO 2 NPs [ 73 , 75 , 76 , 78 , 80 , 81 ], ZnO NPs [ 83 – 85 ], ZrO 2 NPs [ 86 ], Fe 2 O 3 NPs [ 69 ], C60 fullerenes [ 87 ], PGMA NPs [ 89 ], and PS NPs [ 27 ]. Among these particles, only Ag NPs [ 37 ], Au NPs [ 31 , 38 ], and PS NPs [ 40 – 43 ] showed transplacental transfer in an ex vivo perfusion model, whereas SiO 2 NPs [ 25 ] and TiO 2 NPs [ 34 ] were retained in the placental tissue.…”