“…Yet, compared with trees, vines have a much lower sapwood area per unit of leaf area, which in trees has been associated with reduced water supply and carbon assimilation per leaf area (Ewers, Oren, Bohrer, & Lai, 2007;Phillips, Bond, McDowell, Ryan, & Schauer, 2003;Whitehead, Edwards, & Jarvis, 1984). Furthermore, compared with trees, the flow path along the stem of vines is much longer relative to the conducting stem cross-sectional area (Filartiga, Vieira, Mantovani, & Rennenberg, 2014;Rosell & Olson, 2014). Despite those restrictions to maximum water flow rates through long and narrow stems, vines can contribute a significant proportion of total evapotranspiration and carbon uptake in ecosystems (Restom & Nepstad, 2001).…”