Size Control of Cobalt-Doped ZnO Nanoparticles Obtained in Microwave Solvothermal Synthesis

Wojnarowicz, Jacek; Chudoba, Tadeusz; Gierlotka, S.; Sobczak, Kamil; Łojkowski, Witold

doi:10.3390/cryst8040179

Cited by 37 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…In solvothermal synthesis, it is possible to obtain many NPs (nanoparticles) doped by other elements and displaying different morphologies and different shapes. In Figure 8 it is easy to notice many type of shapes of ZnO obtained in solvothermal method [48,49], every shape Figure 8a-f, depends of changes protocol during the solvothermal synthesis.In IHPP PAS, ZnO doped with Mn, Co, Ni, Cr, or Ag was obtained [49][50][51][52][53][54]. Doped elements are visually easy to notice as is their quantity (Figure 9) [48,49], Using glycerol as the reaction medium, a metallic copper powder was produced from copper hydroxide (the phenomenon of melting copper particles into large balls, which led to ERTEC reactor failure, was observed).…”

Section: Inorganic Synthesis Of Nanomaterialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The system can be easily configured to perform different applications, including reactions in the liquid phase, solid phase, and gas phase in homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures. www.sineomicrowave.com has various choices of vessel configurations, with potential throughputs of 16, 18, 40, and 100 vessels, and potential volume capacities of 15,30,50,70,100,200, and 500 mL. There is a free lifetime warranty for the core components, including the magnetron of the microwave digestion system.…”

Section: Sairem the Miniflow 200ssmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cont. has various choices of vessel configurations, with potential throughputs of 16, 18, 40, and 100 vessels, and potential volume capacities of15,30,50,70, 100, 200, and 500 mL. There is a free lifetime warranty for the core components, including the magnetron of the microwave digestion system.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Current Trends in the Development of Microwave Reactors for the Synthesis of Nanomaterials in Laboratories and Industries: A Review

et al. 2018

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Microwave energy has been in use for many applications for more than 50 years, from communication, food processing, and wood drying to chemical reactions and medical therapy. The areas, where microwave technology is applied, include drying, calcination, decomposition, powder synthesis, sintering, and chemical process control. Before the year 2000, microwaves were used to produce ceramics, semiconductors, polymers, and inorganic materials; in next years, some new attempts were made as well. Nowadays, it has been found that microwave sintering can also be applied to sintered powder and ceramics and is more effective than conventional sintering. Particularly interesting is its use for the synthesis of nanomaterials. This review identifies the main sources of microwave generation, the delivery mechanisms of microwave energy, and the typical designs and configurations of microwave devices, as well as the measurement and construction material problems related to microwave technology. We focus our attention on the configurations, materials, optimized geometries, and solvents used for microwave devices, providing examples of products, especially nanoparticles and other nanomaterials. The identified microwave devices are divided into four groups, depending on the scale, the maximum pressure developed, the highest temperature for sintering, or other special multi-functions. The challenges of using microwave energy for the synthesis of nanopowders have been identified as well. The desirable characteristics of microwave reactors in the synthesis of nanostructures, as well as their superiority over conventional synthetic methods, have been presented. We have also provided a review of the commercial and self-designed microwave reactors, digestors, and sintering furnaces for technology for synthesis of nanomaterials and other industries.

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Section: Inorganic Synthesis Of Nanomaterialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sairem the Miniflow 200ssmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Current Trends in the Development of Microwave Reactors for the Synthesis of Nanomaterials in Laboratories and Industries: A Review

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“…Industrial synthesis of ZnO NPs with repeatable properties is a rather difficult and troublesome issue. In our earlier publications [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ] we discussed the causes of obtaining differing properties of ZnO NPs, which result, among others, from the limitations of the synthesis method, the purity of reagents, and the complexity of chemical reactions. Generally, the primary barrier to obtaining NPs characterized by intended properties is the lack of simultaneous control over average particle size, particle size distribution, shape, phase purity, surface area modification, as well as agglomeration and aggregation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ZnO NPs are commonly obtained by several methods, among others using the mechanochemical process, precipitation process, sol-gel method, sonochemical technique, hydrothermal and solvothermal method [ 11 ]. Nevertheless, microwave-assisted syntheses, e.g., microwave solvothermal synthesis (MSS) [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ] and microwave hydrothermal synthesis (MHS) [ 22 , 23 , 24 ], are some of the most appreciated and dynamically developed methods of obtaining ZnO NPs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Microwave Radiation Power on the Size of Aggregates of ZnO NPs Prepared Using Microwave Solvothermal Synthesis

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This paper reports the possibility of changing the size of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) aggregates through a change of synthesis parameters. The effect of the changed power of microwave heating on the properties of ZnO NPs obtained by the microwave solvothermal synthesis from zinc acetate dissolved in ethylene glycol was tested for the first time. It was found that the size of ZnO aggregates ranged from 60 to 120 nm depending on the power of microwave radiation used in the synthesis of ZnO NPs. The increase in the microwave radiation power resulted in the reduction of the total synthesis time with simultaneous preservation of the constant size and shape of single ZnO NPs, which were synthesized at a pressure of 4 bar. All the obtained ZnO NPs samples were composed of homogeneous spherical particles that were single crystals with an average size of 27 ± 3 nm with a developed specific surface area of 40 m2/g and the skeleton density of 5.18 ± 0.03 g/cm3. A model of a mechanism explaining the correlation between the size of aggregates and the power of microwaves was proposed. This method of controlling the average size of ZnO NPs aggregates is presented for the first time and similar investigations are not found in the literature.

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Structural, FTIR spectra and optical properties of pure and co-doped Zn1-x-yFexMyO ceramics with (M = Cu, Ni) for plastic deformation and optoelectronic applications

et al. 2021

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We report here a considered novel study on the structural, FTIR spectra and optical properties of pure and co-doped Zn 0.90- x Fe 0.1 M x O with ((M = Cu, Ni and ( x = 0.00, 0.10) and (0.00 < y < 0.20)) at different sintering temperatures T s ( T s = 850 °C for series I and 1000 °C series II). Although the ZnO wurtzite structure is conformed for all samples, some secondary lines with little intensity are formed. But the number of these lines is higher for series I than for series II. The ( c / a ) value and U -parameter are almost constant for all samples, while Zn–O bond length L is slightly increased. The porosity and crystallite size are decreased by Fe, and also for (Fe + Cu) samples, and their values for series I are lower than for series II. The residual stress is tensile for most samples. Interestingly, the Young’s, rigid and bulk modulus, Poisson’s ratio and Debye temperature, obtained from FTIR analysis, are increased by Fe addition with a further increase for Fe + Ni) samples for both series. A ductile nature is obtained for pure, Fe and (Fe + Cu) samples; whereas a brittle nature is approved for (Fe + Ni) samples. On the other hand, the energy gap ( E g ), residual lattice dielectric constant ( ε L ) and carrier density N are increased by Fe addition, followed by a further increase for (Fe + Cu) samples, while the vice is versa for the inter-atomic distance R . For example, E g was increased from 3.153 eV for pure ZnO to 3.974 eV for (Fe + Cu) samples (i.e., 0.821 eV more), while it was decreased to 2.851 eV for (Fe + Ni) samples (i.e., 0.302 eV less). A direct behavior is obtained between E g and both elastic modulus ( Y , β ), lattice and micro strains ( ε L , ε m ) , dislocation density ( δ ), residual stress ( σ ) and carrier density N, whereas a reverse behavior is obtained between E g and both crystallite size ( D ), porosity (PS) and inter-atomic distance ( R ) . These results are explained in terms of the generated blocked states of the conduction band as indicated by the Burstein Moss effect. These novel findings reveal that the co-doping has intense ZnO and moderate metal oxide modes in the ZnO matrix structure, which makes ZnO co-doped with (Fe + Cu) more suitable for gas sensors and optoel...

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Size Control of Cobalt-Doped ZnO Nanoparticles Obtained in Microwave Solvothermal Synthesis

Cited by 37 publications

References 75 publications

Current Trends in the Development of Microwave Reactors for the Synthesis of Nanomaterials in Laboratories and Industries: A Review

Current Trends in the Development of Microwave Reactors for the Synthesis of Nanomaterials in Laboratories and Industries: A Review

Effect of Microwave Radiation Power on the Size of Aggregates of ZnO NPs Prepared Using Microwave Solvothermal Synthesis

Structural, FTIR spectra and optical properties of pure and co-doped Zn1-x-yFexMyO ceramics with (M = Cu, Ni) for plastic deformation and optoelectronic applications

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