Size- and Oxidation-Dependent Toxicity of Graphene Oxide Nanomaterials in Embryonic Zebrafish

Abstract

Graphene oxides (GOs) are a popular graphene alternative. The goal of this study was to compare the biocompatibility of a diversity of well-characterized GOs. Our previous work advanced developmental zebrafish as a model to interrogate the interactions and biological responses following exposures to engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). Here, we investigated GO 250 nm × 250 nm (sGO), 400 nm × 400 nm (mGO), and 1 μm × 1 μm (lGO), partially reduced GO (prGO) 400 nm × 400 nm, and reduced GO (rGO) 400 nm × 400 nm and 2 μm × 2 μm, which first underwent extensive characterization under the support of the Nanomaterials Health Implications Research (NHIR) Consortium. GOs were stabilized in water (GOs), while prGO and rGOs were dispersed in sodium cholate. Zebrafish were statically exposed to up to 50 μg/mL of each material from 6 h post-fertilization (hpf) until 120 hpf. Toxicity was dependent on GO properties. mGO was the most toxic material; its effects manifested in the yolk syncytial layer (YSL). Additionally, sodium cholate stabilization significantly increased GO toxicity. The observed effects were size- and oxidation-state-dependent, revealing the importance of identifying the structure-specific toxicity of GOs.

Cytotoxicity of Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene, Fullerenes, and Dots

“…Authors of Ref. [22] investigated the developmental toxicity of reduced graphene oxide. It was shown that 2 µm × 2 µm reduced graphene oxide caused higher embryonic mortality than the sample of 400 nm × 400 nm reduced graphene oxide.…”

“…Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license [22]. (c) The images of a wholebody single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) imaging, and quantitative γ-counting of tissue biodistribution of 153 Sm@SWCNTs and 153 Sm@MWCNTs.…”

“…Figure 6b shows brightfield imaging of 6 hpf embryos exposed to 400 nm × 400 nm reduced graphene oxide for different post-exposure periods in comparison with exposures to ultrapure water controls [22]. In Ref.…”

“…The toxicology of carbon nanomaterials was studied for carbon nanotubes [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14], graphene [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28], fullerenes [29][30][31][32][33], and dots [34][35][36][37][38]. Most of the work deals with microorganisms, animals, and humans.…”

The Positive Effects of In Vivo/In Vitro Suplementation of Nanoparticles on Semen

“…In vitro fertilization has demonstrated increased success rates due to alterations in cell behavior facilitated by the application of a graphene oxide nanofilm to embryo surfaces (Zielinska-Gorska et al, 2020). Lopez et al's examination of graphene oxides' biocompatibility for in vitro use involved gauging various well-defined examples (Lopez et al, 2022), where they discovered that in general, their use remained safe.…”