Size and Distribution of Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Populations

Goodman, Michael; Adams, Noah; Corneil, Trevor; Kreukels, Baudewijntje P.C.; Motmans, Joz; Coleman, Eli

doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2019.01.001

Cited by 150 publications

(126 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…The estimated proportion of gender-diverse individuals (those who are not cisgender) varies between 0.1 and 2% of the population, depending on the inclusion criteria and where the studies were held 4 . Most epidemiological studies on gender-diverse people assessed individuals who were already treated or referred for treatment at gender-affirming healthcare centers 5 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proportion of people identified as transgender and non-binary gender in Brazil

Spizzirri

Eufrásio²,

Lima

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Studies estimate that gender-diverse persons represent 0.1 to 2% of populations investigated, but no such assessment was performed in Latin America. In a representative sample of Brazil’s adult population (n = 6000), we investigated participants' sociodemographic characteristics and possible associations between these and current gender identity, categorized as cisgender, transgender or non-binary gender. We also investigated transgender individuals' distress associated with gender-related body characteristics. As main results, we found that transgender individuals represented 0.69% (CI95% = 0.48–0.90) of the sample, whereas non-binary persons were 1.19% (CI95% = 0.92–1.47). These percentages were not different among Brazil’s 5 geographic regions. Preliminary analyses showed that transgender individuals were on average younger (32.8 ± 14.2 years, CI95% = 28.5–37.1), compared to cisgender (42.2 ± 15.9, CI95% = 42.5–42.8) and non-binary (42.1 ± 16.5 years, CI95% = 38.3–46.5) groups. Non-binary persons are less likely to be in a relationship compared to cisgender individuals (OR = 0.57, CI95% = 0.35–0.93). In the transgender group, 85% of transgender men and 50% of transgender women reported distress due to gender-related body characteristics. Our main findings draw attention that gender-diverse Brazilian individuals represent around 2% of the country's adult population (almost 3 million people), and are homogeneously located throughout the country, reiterating the urgency of public health policies for these individuals in the five Brazilian sub-regions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proportion of people identified as transgender and non-binary gender in Brazil

Spizzirri

Eufrásio²,

Lima

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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“…In addition, a systematic literature review found that fewer than '1 in 10,000 adult natal males and 1 in 30,000 adult natal females experience GD' (Zucker et al, 2016, Abstract). Goodman et al (2019) have recently attempted to estimate the size of transgender populations and aver that percentages of female-tomale transgender persons have increased over time. It should be emphasised that, as we will discuss in greater detail below, environmental factors may substantially influence gender identity.…”

Section: Male-to-female Transgender Is More Prevalentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Dysphoria and Transgender Identity Is Associated with Physiological and Psychological Masculinization: a Theoretical Integration of Findings, Supported by Systematic Reviews

Dutton¹,

Madison

2020

Sex Res Soc Policy

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Introduction Gender dysphoria (GD) is associated with several psychiatric conditions, but the causal links are not known. We note that some of these conditions are associated with physiological masculinisation. Methods Here, we explore this association through a series of systematic reviews, using Google Scholar, on original studies that test the relationship between GD and at least one correlate of androgens, namely autism spectrum disorder, left-handedness, 2D:4D ratio, being male and male heterosexuality. Results Individuals with GD tend to exhibit scores that reflect heightened levels of androgens and masculinity compared with non-GD individuals. We further show that these same androgen indices are also associated with other identity disorders (or dysphoriae). Conclusions Autism is associated with masculinisation, and we argue that GD may reflect autism spectrum disorder traits that indirectly lead to anxiety and to one questioning one's sense of self. We note that this is consistent with Blanchard's transsexualism typology, which successfully integrates a wide range of empirical findings.

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“…Gender nonconforming and gender diverse is an identity endorsed by people whose gender expression differs from societal expectations of masculinity or femininity [ 8 ]. Accurate numbers of trans and gender nonconforming (TGNC) and gender diverse youth remain unavailable at the population level in countries such as Canada and the United States, as national censuses have historically asked for current gender identity via binary options (instead of multiresponse) and have not asked for gender assigned at birth [ 9 ]. Available prevalence data are often based on convenience samples recruited by independent researchers [ 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Accurate numbers of trans and gender nonconforming (TGNC) and gender diverse youth remain unavailable at the population level in countries such as Canada and the United States, as national censuses have historically asked for current gender identity via binary options (instead of multiresponse) and have not asked for gender assigned at birth [ 9 ]. Available prevalence data are often based on convenience samples recruited by independent researchers [ 9 ]. According to reports in the United States, between 0.7% and 1.8% of youth between the ages of 13 and 17 identify as trans [ 10 , 11 ], while Canadian estimates report that approximately 0.6% of the general adult population identifies as trans [ 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

QueerVIEW: Protocol for a Technology-Mediated Qualitative Photo Elicitation Study With Sexual and Gender Minority Youth in Ontario, Canada

et al. 2020

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Background The experiences of resilience and intersectionality in the lives of contemporary sexual and gender minority youth (SGMY) are important to explore. SGMY face unique experiences of discrimination in both online and offline environments, yet simultaneously build community and seek support in innovative ways. SGMY who identify as transgender, trans, or gender nonconforming and have experiences with child welfare, homelessness, or immigration have been particularly understudied. A qualitative exploration that leverages technology may derive new understanding of the negotiations of risk, resilience, and identity intersections that impact the well-being of vulnerable SGMY. Objective The objectives of the QueerVIEW study were to (1) enhance understanding of SGMY identities, both online and offline, (2) identify experiences of intersectionality among culturally, regionally, and racially diverse SGMY in Ontario, Canada, (3) explore online and offline sources of resilience for SGMY, and (4) develop and apply a virtual photo elicitation methodological approach. Methods This is the first study to pilot a completely virtual approach to a photo elicitation investigation with youth, including data collection, recruitment, interviewing, and analysis. Recruited through social media, SGMY completed a brief screening survey, submitted 10 to 15 digital photos, and then participated in an individual semistructured interview that focused on their photos and related life experiences. Online data collection methods were employed through encrypted online file transfer and secure online interviews. Data is being analyzed using a constructivist grounded theory approach, with six coders participating in structured online meetings that triangulated photo, video, and textual data. Results Data collection with 30 participants has been completed and analyses are underway. SGMY expressed appreciation for the photo elicitation and online design of the study and many reported experiencing an emotional catharsis from participating in this process. It is anticipated that results will form a model of how participants work toward integrating their online and offline experiences and identities into developing a sense of themselves as resilient. Conclusions This protocol presents an innovative, technology-enabled qualitative study that completely digitized a popular arts-based methodology—photo elicitation—that has potential utility for contemporary research with marginalized populations. The research design and triangulated analyses can generate more nuanced conceptualizations of SGMY identities and resilience than more traditional approaches. Considerations for conducting online research may be useful for other qualitative research. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/20547

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Size and Distribution of Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Populations

Cited by 150 publications

References 42 publications

Proportion of people identified as transgender and non-binary gender in Brazil

Proportion of people identified as transgender and non-binary gender in Brazil

Gender Dysphoria and Transgender Identity Is Associated with Physiological and Psychological Masculinization: a Theoretical Integration of Findings, Supported by Systematic Reviews

QueerVIEW: Protocol for a Technology-Mediated Qualitative Photo Elicitation Study With Sexual and Gender Minority Youth in Ontario, Canada

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