Sixth and seventh cusp on lower molar teeth of Malawians in East-Central Africa.

Sakuma, Masashi; Ogata, Takahiko

doi:10.2330/joralbiosci1965.29.738

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(1 reference statement)

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“…Except for midline diastema, each trait is part of the Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System (ASUDAS) (Turner et al, 1991); all are documented to be largely independent of one another, based on the genetic investigation of Nichol (1990). Procedures used in ASU-DAS are based on well-established criteria for scoring intratrait variation, and proved reliable in many preceding studies (Scott, 1973(Scott, , 1980Turner, 1985aTurner, , 1987Turner, , 1992Sakuma and Ogata, 1987;Haeussler et al, 1988;Turner and Markowitz, 1990;Irish and Turner, 1990;Irish, 1993Irish, , 1994Irish, , 1997Irish, , 1998aIrish, -d, 2000Jackes et al, 2001). Traits are recorded with the aid of 23 rank-scale reference plaques to help standardize scoring (Turner et al, 1991).…”

Section: Data Collection Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Who were the ancient Egyptians? Dental affinities among Neolithic through postdynastic peoples

Irish

2005

American J Phys Anthropol

102

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Qualitative and quantitative methods are employed to describe and compare up to 36 dental morphological variants in 15 Neolithic through Roman-period Egyptian samples. Trait frequencies are determined, and phenetic affinities are calculated using the mean measure of divergence and Mahalanobis D2 statistics for discrete traits; the most important traits in generating this intersample variation are identified with correspondence analysis. Assuming that the samples are representative of the populations from which they derive, and that phenetic similarity provides an estimate of genetic relatedness, these affinities are suggestive of overall population continuity. That is, other than a few outliers exhibiting extreme frequencies of nine influential traits, the dental samples appear to be largely homogenous and can be characterized as having morphologically simple, mass-reduced teeth. These findings are contrasted with those resulting from previous skeletal and other studies, and are used to appraise the viability of five Egyptian peopling scenarios. Specifically, affinities among the 15 time-successive samples suggest that: 1) there may be a connection between Neolithic and subsequent predynastic Egyptians, 2) predynastic Badarian and Naqada peoples may be closely related, 3) the dynastic period is likely an indigenous continuation of the Naqada culture, 4) there is support for overall biological uniformity through the dynastic period, and 5) this uniformity may continue into postdynastic times.

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Section: Data Collection Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Who were the ancient Egyptians? Dental affinities among Neolithic through postdynastic peoples

Irish

2005

American J Phys Anthropol

102

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“…All traits were previously found to be largely independent of one another (Nichol, 1990). ASUDAS procedures are based on well-established criteria for scoring intratrait variation, and proved reliable in many preceding studies (e.g., Scott, 1973Scott, , 1980Turner, 1985aTurner, , 1987Turner, , 1992Sakuma and Ogata, 1987;Sakuma et al, 1991;Haeussler et al, 1988;Turner and Markowitz, 1990;Irish and Turner, 1990;Irish, 1993Irish, , 1994Irish, , 1997Irish, , 1998aIrish, -d, 2000Jackes et al, 2001). Traits are recorded using 23 rank-scale reference plaques that help standardize scoring by providing representations of minimum, maximum, and common intermediate expressions (Turner et al, 1991).…”

Section: Dental Trait Recordingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population continuity vs. discontinuity revisited: Dental affinities among late Paleolithic through Christian‐era Nubians

Irish

2005

American J Phys Anthropol

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The present study revisits a subject that has been a source of long-standing bioarchaeological contention, namely, estimation of Nubian population origins and affinities. Using the Arizona State University dental anthropology system, frequencies of 36 crown, root, and intraoral osseous discrete traits in 12 late Pleistocene through early historic Nubian samples were recorded and analyzed. Specifically, intersample phenetic affinities, and an indication of which traits are most important in driving this variation, were determined through the application of correspondence analysis and the mean measure of divergence distance statistic. The results support previous work by the author and others indicating that population discontinuity, in the form of replacement or significant gene flow into an existing gene pool, occurred sometime after the Pleistocene. This analysis now suggests that the break occurred before the Final Neolithic. Samples from the latter through Christian periods exhibit relative homogeneity, which implies overall post-Pleistocene diachronic and regional population continuity. Yet there are several perceptible trends among these latter samples that: 1) are consistent with documented Nubian population history, 2) enable the testing of several existing peopling hypotheses, and 3) allow the formulation of new hypotheses, including a suggestion of two post-Pleistocene subgroups predicated on an age-based sample dichotomy.

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“…This cusp occurs not only in modern human populations but also in fossil hominids (Gregory and Hellman, 1926;von Koenigswald, 1952b) and nonhuman hominoids (Selenka, 1898). Sakuma and Ogata (1987) demonstrated that the seventh cusp occurs more frequently in Africans than non-Africans.…”

Section: Sixth Cusp: Lm1mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dental perspectives on the population history of Southeast Asia

Matsumura

Hudson

2005

Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.

105

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This article uses metric and nonmetric dental data to test the "two-layer" or immigration hypothesis whereby Southeast Asia was initially occupied by an "Australo-Melanesian" population that later underwent substantial genetic admixture with East Asian immigrants associated with the spread of agriculture from the Neolithic period onwards. We examined teeth from 4,002 individuals comprising 42 prehistoric and historic samples from East Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia, and Melanesia. For the odontometric analysis, dental size proportions were compared using factor analysis and Q-mode correlation coefficients, and overall tooth size was also compared between population samples. Nonmetric population affinities were estimated by Smith's distances, using the frequencies of 16 tooth traits. The results of both the metric and nonmetric analyses demonstrate close affinities between recent Australo-Melanesian samples and samples representing early Southeast Asia, such as the Early to Middle Holocene series from Vietnam, Malaysia, and Flores. In contrast, the dental characteristics of most modern Southeast Asians exhibit a mixture of traits associated with East Asians and Australo-Melanesians, suggesting that these populations were genetically influenced by immigrants from East Asia. East Asian metric and/or nonmetric traits are also found in some prehistoric samples from Southeast Asia such as Ban Kao (Thailand), implying that immigration probably began in the early Neolithic. Much clearer influence of East Asian immigration was found in Early Metal Age Vietnamese and Sulawesi samples. Although the results of this study are consistent with the immigration hypothesis, analysis of additional Neolithic samples is needed to determine the exact timing of population dispersals into Southeast Asia.

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Sixth and seventh cusp on lower molar teeth of Malawians in East-Central Africa.

Cited by 14 publications

References 14 publications

Who were the ancient Egyptians? Dental affinities among Neolithic through postdynastic peoples

Who were the ancient Egyptians? Dental affinities among Neolithic through postdynastic peoples

Population continuity vs. discontinuity revisited: Dental affinities among late Paleolithic through Christian‐era Nubians

Dental perspectives on the population history of Southeast Asia

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