Six-Year Study of the Incidence of Herpes in Genital and Nongenital Cultures in a Central Kentucky Medical Center Patient Population

Ribes, Julie A.; Steele, A. Duncan; Seabolt, John P.; Baker, Doris J.

doi:10.1128/jcm.39.9.3321-3325.2001

Cited by 70 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(46 reference statements)

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“…The increase in genital HSV-1 initially was observed in Europe, and more recently in the USA and Australia. 15,21,22 The increase is thought to be the result of both less frequent acquisition of HSV-1 in childhood and more frequent oral-genital contact at the initiation of sexual activity. 35,36 Not surprisingly, the increase in genital HSV-1 infection has resulted in an increase in neonatal HSV-1 in proportions that meet or exceed that caused by HSV-2.…”

Section: Increasing Importance Of Neonatal Hsv-1mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 HSV-1 has emerged as a major cause of genital herpes among college-age populations, in which up to 80% of new cases of genital HSV were caused by HSV-1. [14][15][16] Epidemiological studies suggest that oral genital contact is the major risk factor for the acquisition of genital HSV-1. 17 Similar findings have been reported worldwide.…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Genital Herpesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevention of neonatal herpes

Gardella

Brown

2010

BJOG

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Neonatal herpes can occur when the neonate is exposed to herpes simplex virus in the maternal genital tract during labour. Attack rates are highest when the mother has a newly acquired infection and, therefore, does not have antibodies to protect the neonate. Even with early therapy, there is significant morbidity and mortality associated with neonatal herpes, suggesting that preventing neonatal herpes simplex virus exposure or early recognition of exposure is important. The incidence of neonatal herpes has not declined despite national guidelines for prevention. This suggests that the prevention guidelines need to be re-addressed.Keywords Herpes, neonate, prevention.Please cite this paper as: Gardella C, Brown Z. Prevention of neonatal herpes. BJOG 2011;118:187-192. Epidemiology of genital herpesBased on serological data from a large National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 22% of pregnant women in the USA are infected with herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2), 63% are HSV-1 seropositive, 13% have both HSV-1 and HSV-2, and 28% are seronegative. 1 In the general population, for the first time since the 1976 inception of NHANES, the seroprevalence of HSV-2 has decreased; overall, the age-adjusted HSV-2 seroprevalence was 17% in 1999-2004, compared with 21% in 1988-94, a relative decrease of 19% between the two study periods. Among those infected with HSV-2, the percentage who reported being diagnosed was 14.3% in 1999-2004 and 9.9% in 1988-94, suggesting that more providers are aware of genital herpes, and able to make appropriate diagnoses. 2 However, the vast majority of people infected with HSV-2 remain undiagnosed and, therefore, untreated and able to spread the infection. Between 75% and 90% of HSV-2-infected people are not aware of having the infection. [3][4][5][6] This is important because most sexual transmission of HSV occurs during episodes of subclinical reactivation among persons with unrecognized infection. 4,7-10 Virtually all HSV-2 seropositive people have intermittent shedding from the genital mucosa, and most have mild (and hence unrecognized and undiagnosed) disease. 5 In the absence of symptoms, HSV-2 can be detected in the genital tract, by viral culture, on 3% of days for the first year after initial infection, then on 1% of days for the next 2 years. HSV-2 DNA can be detected by polymerase chain reaction testing 15-20% of days. 11,12 Recent data suggest that HSV reactivation may occur much more frequently than previously understood, and may be characterised by frequent short bursts of viral shedding that do not correlate with symptoms. 13 As HSV-2 seroprevalence decreased, HSV-1 seroprevalence in the USA increased to 62% in 1988-94 from 57.7% in 1999-2004. 2 Among persons infected with HSV-1 but not HSV-2, a higher percentage reported a diagnosis of genital herpes in 1999-2004 compared with 1988-94 (1.8% versus 0.4%). 2 HSV-1 has emerged as a major cause of genital herpes among college-age populations, in which up to 80% of new cases of genital HSV were caused by HSV-1. [14][1...

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Section: Increasing Importance Of Neonatal Hsv-1mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Epidemiology Of Genital Herpesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevention of neonatal herpes

Gardella

Brown

2010

BJOG

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“…7 In Norway, HSV-1 has overtaken HSV-2 as the major cause of genital infection in females and the young, 8 and a Swedish study has shown the regular occurrence of both virus types in ''below the neck'' infections. 9 In the United States, increasing proportions of genital HSV-1 affecting mainly females 10 and college students 11 have been reported. Similar proportions of genital and oropharyngeal HSV-1 infections have also been reported in sexually active HSV-2 seronegative adults.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Changing epidemiology of genital herpes simplex virus infection in Melbourne, Australia, between 1980 and 2003

Tran¹

2004

Sexually Transmitted Infections

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Objective: To investigate changes in the proportions of patients infected with genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2 from 1980 to 2003 in Melbourne, Australia. Methods: A total of 25 372 patients were studied retrospectively. The proportions of HSV-1 and HSV-2 detected in these individuals were analysed by age, sex, and genital site. Results: In 1980 only 15.8% of HSV positive genital specimens were HSV-1 compared to 34.9% in 2003. In 2003 HSV-1 was detected in 77% of patients aged less than 20 years. Females were more likely to be infected with HSV-1, although the rate of increased detection was more pronounced in males. Except for females over the age of 40, the trend for the increase in HSV-1 was detected in all age groups. No specific genital site in either sex was associated with the increase. Conclusions: The proportion of genital HSV-1 has increased in Australian patients, although HSV-2 is still the most common cause of genital infection. Confirmation of HSV type is necessary for optimal patient management.

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“…HSV-1 also accounts for 10 to 15% of all genital herpetic infections (3,6,11). The proportion of genital infections with HSV-1 is reportedly even higher in some locations (4,10,13).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Performance of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1-Specific Serologic Assays from MRL and Meridian Diagnostics

Ribes

Smith

Hayes³

et al. 2002

J Clin Microbiol

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Two companies, MRL and Meridian Diagnostics, have developed Food and Drug Administration-approved herpes simplex virus type 1 type-specific enzyme immunoassays. The sensitivity, specificity, and overall testing efficiency of these assays were 98.2, 93.8, and 96.6% for MRL and 98.8, 99.0, and 98.1% for Meridian, making both of these kits suitable for use in the clinical lab.The herpes simplex viruses (herpes simplex virus type 1 [HSV-1] and HSV-2) are important causes of disease worldwide. HSV-1 is the primary cause of oral-facial and pharyngeal herpes infections and may cause herpetic whitlow, eye infections, and disseminated disease (1,2,8,15). HSV-1 also accounts for 10 to 15% of all genital herpetic infections (3, 6, 11). The proportion of genital infections with HSV-1 is reportedly even higher in some locations (4, 10, 13).Transmission of HSV-1 occurs following contact with fluid from vesicular lesions or contact with infected body fluids, such as saliva and genital secretions (4,8,9). Although HSV-1 has historically been acquired primarily in childhood, acquisition of the virus is now often seen during early adulthood (4,8,9). Seroprevalence studies from several sites worldwide have indicated that approximately 60 to 70% of adolescents have not developed antibodies to this virus and are therefore still susceptible to infection with HSV-1 (5, 7, 8).HSV-1 serostatus is also important with regard to the vaccine developed for HSV-2. The usefulness of the vaccine appears to be linked to the HSV-1 serostatus of the individual being immunized. Only female recipients with a negative HSV-1 serostatus prior to immunization appear to derive benefit from this vaccine (S. Spruance and The Herpes Vaccine Efficacy Study Group, Abstr. Addendum 40th Intersci. Conf. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., abstr. L-6, p. 22, 2000). This, coupled with the role of HSV-1 as a significant etiologic agent for herpes genitalis, produces the need for a reliable HSV-1 immunoglobulin G (IgG) type-specific assay. This report focuses on the head-to-head comparison of two Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved HSV-1 type-specific EIAs.Serum from 532 blood donor specimens was collected from the Central Kentucky Blood Center, Lexington, Ky., and frozen in 2-ml aliquots at Ϫ70°C until testing. Serologic evaluation of HSV-1 antibodies was performed using glycoprotein G type-specific enzyme immunoassays from Meridian Diagnostics Inc. (Cincinnati, Ohio) and from MRL Diagnostics (Cypress, Calif.). All testing was performed according to the manufacturers' specifications. Absorbances were read on an automated ELx800 Universal Microplate Reader (Bio-Tek Instruments Inc.) at 405 nm for the Meridian assays and 450 nm for the MRL assays. For both manufacturers, absorbency cutoff values were those established by validation studies with a mean absorbency value: those with Ͼ0.99 times the reference absorbency were interpreted as positive, those with 0.91 to 0.99 times the reference absorption were interpreted as equivocal, and those with less than 0.91 time...

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Six-Year Study of the Incidence of Herpes in Genital and Nongenital Cultures in a Central Kentucky Medical Center Patient Population

Cited by 70 publications

References 36 publications

Prevention of neonatal herpes

Prevention of neonatal herpes

Changing epidemiology of genital herpes simplex virus infection in Melbourne, Australia, between 1980 and 2003

Comparative Performance of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1-Specific Serologic Assays from MRL and Meridian Diagnostics

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