Six-Steps Process of Structural Assessment of Heritage Timber Structures: Definition Based on the State of the Art

Perria, Elena; Sieder, Mike

doi:10.3390/buildings10060109

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Publications of the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) are also widely recognized. Usually, the above standards describe the use of, non-destructive and semi-destructive methods to assess wood [ 14 , 21 ]. The most commonly used testing methods of NDT and SDT are presented in the diagram in Figure 1 .…”

Section: Selected Methods For Estimation Wood Structural Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating Mechanical Properties of Wood in Existing Structures—Selected Aspects

2021

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The paper presents and discusses selected methods of wood classification and the evaluation of its mechanical properties. Attention was mainly paid to methods that may be particularly useful for examining existing elements and structures. The possibility of estimating the modulus of rupture—MOR and modulus of elasticity—MOE based on the non- destructive (NDT), semi-destructive (SDT), and destructive tests (DT) were considered. Known international, European, and American standards and research approaches were indicated. The selected testing methods and their interpretation were presented. These were, among others, the method of visual assessment, the resistance drilling method, methods of determining the dynamic modulus of elasticity, and procedures for testing small clear specimens. Moreover, some of our own research results from the conducted experimental tests were presented and discussed. In the destructive tests, both large elements and small clear specimens were examined. The results obtained from individual methods were compared and some conclusions were presented. The summary discusses the fundamental difficulties and limitations in applying the presented procedures and interpretations.

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Section: Selected Methods For Estimation Wood Structural Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating Mechanical Properties of Wood in Existing Structures—Selected Aspects

2021

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“…Destructive testing in historic buildings is generally prohibited from the preservation point of view; hence, it is usually entirely impossible to apply. For this reason, the standards and normative guidelines primarily recommend the use of non-destructive test (NDT) and semi-destructive test (SDT) methods [ 5 , 6 , 7 ]. Non-destructive testing, which includes visual inspection, pre-load tests and tests based on ultrasonic echo techniques, does not generally provide sufficient information on the mechanical characteristics of the tested element [ 8 , 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Active Thermography in Diagnostics of Timber Elements Covered with Polychrome

Kucharska

Jaskowska-Lemańska

2021

Materials

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The contribution of natural wood defects such as knots is an important factor influencing the strength characteristics of structural timber. This paper discusses the use of active thermography in the timber diagnostics, particularly in the determination of the knot area ratio (KAR) in elements covered with paint coatings. Moreover, on the basis of thermal images, the localization for the subsequent semi-destructive tests (SDTs) was established. Three different sources of external energy supply were used in the studies: laboratory dryer, air heater and halogen lamps. The active thermography tests were performed on elements made of three wood species (fir, pine and spruce). The specimens were covered with varying layers of paint coatings and primers, to reflect the actual condition of the historic structural elements. The obtained thermal images enabled the estimation of the KAR, due to the difference in temperature between solid wood and knots occurring therein. It should be noted that the results were affected by an external energy source and subjective judgement of the operator. Moreover, active thermography could be an effective method for the indication of the regions within which SDTs should be performed in order to properly assess the technical state of an element covered with polychrome.

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“…Principles for the analysis or evaluation of historic wooden structures are given in ICOMOS [23,24]. An interesting review of existing standards, guidelines and procedures available for the assessment of historic woodwork is presented in [25,26]. The most recent research on using advanced digital technologies (such as building information modeling-BIM, finite element method-FEM) in heritage preservation focuses on the analysing the current state of particular structures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medieval Bourgeois Tenement Houses as an Archetype for Contemporary Architectural and Construction Solutions: The Example of Historic Downtown Gdańsk

et al. 2021

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The basic urban tissue of medieval European cities consisted of brick townhouses. In the cities of northern Europe, these tenements were characterised by a block based on an elongated rectangular plan, covered with a gable roof with a ridge oriented perpendicularly to the street. The side walls of the tenement house were common for both neighbours and constituted a basic structural element. The gable façades were not loaded with ceilings, providing freedom in shaping them. The aim of this work is to determine the reasons why this method of shaping tenement houses in historical city centres has survived to the present day, becoming an archetype for contemporary architectural and construction solutions, despite the passage of time, numerous historical events, war damage, changing architectural styles, fashions and building techniques and technologies. The historical centre of Gdańsk has become the research material in this paper, where by means of such methods as historical source material analysis (iconographic), observation (operationalisation of preserved historical objects), comparative analysis of completed contemporary investments, and 3D modelling of structural systems, an attempt has been made to determine the main factors determining contemporary architectural and structural solutions. The reason for the extraordinary durability of this type of construction model can be found in the enormous rationality and efficiency of this solution. It allows for very intensive use of land, easy access of all front elevations to the main communication routes, cheapness of construction resulting from small spans and use of common structural walls for the neighbouring buildings, ease of shaping gable elevations, and fire safety. Aesthetic considerations are probably also important here, although it should be assumed that their significance began to grow only in the second half of the 19th century. However, it seems that the most important factor which made the model of the mediaeval bourgeois tenement house become an archetype for contemporary architectural and construction solutions is the timeless message contained in this model, a specific code allowing it to be unambiguously identified as a form of urban house – a place of safe living and at the same time a visible sign of the rich history of European cities, an element creating their cultural and spatial identity, a component of the living, constantly transforming urban fabric.

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Six-Steps Process of Structural Assessment of Heritage Timber Structures: Definition Based on the State of the Art

Cited by 11 publications

References 7 publications

Estimating Mechanical Properties of Wood in Existing Structures—Selected Aspects

Estimating Mechanical Properties of Wood in Existing Structures—Selected Aspects

Active Thermography in Diagnostics of Timber Elements Covered with Polychrome

Medieval Bourgeois Tenement Houses as an Archetype for Contemporary Architectural and Construction Solutions: The Example of Historic Downtown Gdańsk

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