Situation of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors in the World Health Organization of Eastern Mediterranean region 1990–2020

Abstract

Malaria is the most important mosquito-borne disease, which is transmitted by Anopheles species. According to the recent report of World Health Organization, there were an estimated 229 million malaria cases in 2019 in 87 malaria endemic countries. There are several vector control method specially using pesticides. The aim of this study was to collect all the data about insecticide resistant of malaria vectors in the Eastern Mediterranean region countries. In this study, all the published papers related to insecticide resistance of malaria vectors in the region were collected and resistant status of vectors in the countries was mapped. Resistance to different insecticide classes such as pyrethroids, organophosphate, organochlorine and carbamates were evaluated using World Health Organization guidelines. Results showed a wide variety of susceptibility/resistance status to these chemicals according to the location, historical context of pesticide used, genetic background of vectors, age and abdominal conditions of adults may play a role in the susceptibility status of these species to different insecticides. The results of this study is providing a guideline for countries to manage their vector control activities against insecticide resistance of malaria vectors and provide novel approaches such as male sterility, using Wolbachia, using new insecticide with new mode of action.

Isolation of a Novel Pythium Species, P. thermoculicivorax, and Trichoderma sp. from Natural Enzootic Mosquito Larval Infections

“…Human and animal (livestock) cases exceed hundreds of millions per year, resulting in significant social and economic losses, with several million deaths of humans and livestock animals reported annually and even links to certain cancers suspected [ 10 , 11 ]. Both biological and chemical methods have been used to control mosquito populations, with the latter predominating; however, the development of populations resistant to synthetic chemical pesticides and increasing regulatory burdens have shifted some attention to the former category [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Amongst microbial biological agents, the best characterized are Ascomycete entomopathogens (e.g., Beauveria and Metarhizium sp.…”

Nanoemulsion and nanogel containing Artemisia dracunculus essential oil; larvicidal effect and antibacterial activity

“…Besides, larviciding in 55 countries is one of the most important malaria control methods [1]. However, excessive chemical larvicides have threatened human and environmental health and caused resistance in vectors [4].…”