Sitosterol prevents obesity-related chronic inflammation

Kurano, Makoto; Hasegawa, Koji; Kunimi, Motoei; Hara, Mariko; Yatomi, Yutaka; Teramoto, Tamio; Tsukamoto, Kazuhisa

doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.12.004

Cited by 55 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Fifteen studies were identified, of which four studies were performed in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) [39,40,41,42], and nine studies in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) of which one paper yielded two data points [43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51], while in one study, both T1DM and T2DM patients were included [52] (Table 2). In one study, women with gestational diabetes (GDM) were examined [53].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Cholesterol Sterol Concentrations as Biomarkers for Cholesterol Absorption and Synthesis in Different Metabolic Disorders: A Systematic Review

2019

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Non-cholesterol sterols are validated biomarkers for intestinal cholesterol absorption and endogenous cholesterol synthesis. However, their use in metabolic disturbances has not been systematically explored. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review to provide an overview of non-cholesterol sterols as markers for cholesterol metabolism in different metabolic disorders. Potentially relevant studies were retrieved by a systematic search of three databases in July 2018 and ninety-four human studies were included. Cholesterol-standardized levels of campesterol, sitosterol and cholestanol were collected to reflect cholesterol absorption and those of lathosterol and desmosterol to reflect cholesterol synthesis. Their use as biomarkers was examined in the following metabolic disorders: overweight/obesity (n = 16), diabetes mellitus (n = 15), metabolic syndrome (n = 5), hyperlipidemia (n = 11), cardiovascular disease (n = 17), and diseases related to intestine (n = 16), liver (n = 22) or kidney (n = 2). In general, markers for cholesterol absorption and synthesis displayed reciprocal patterns, showing that cholesterol metabolism is tightly regulated by the interplay of intestinal absorption and endogenous synthesis. Distinctive patterns for cholesterol absorption or cholesterol synthesis could be identified, suggesting that metabolic disorders can be classified as ‘cholesterol absorbers or cholesterol synthesizers’. Future studies should be performed to confirm or refute these findings and to examine whether this information can be used for targeted (dietary) interventions.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Cholesterol Sterol Concentrations as Biomarkers for Cholesterol Absorption and Synthesis in Different Metabolic Disorders: A Systematic Review

2019

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“…Cholesterol synthesis markers, in most studies, were found to be increased in individuals with T2DM and associated with higher BMI, higher TG, and lower HDL‐C 15‐19,25,26 . Similarly, in most prior studies, cholesterol absorption markers were not altered in individuals with T2DM, positively associated with glycemic control and cholesterol levels, and negatively associated with BMI, serum insulin, and inflammation 19,27‐31 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…We find that cholesterol synthesis markers are higher in adolescents BMI, higher TG, and lower HDL-C. [15][16][17][18][19]25,26 Similarly, in most prior studies, cholesterol absorption markers were not altered in individuals with T2DM, positively associated with glycemic control and cholesterol levels, and negatively associated with BMI, serum insulin, and inflammation. 19,[27][28][29][30][31] Nonetheless, discrepancies exist in the literature. First, a few studies did not find an increase in cholesterol synthesis markers in individuals with T2DM.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Markers of cholesterol synthesis are elevated in adolescents and young adults with type 2 diabetes

et al. 2020

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Background: Changes in cholesterol absorption and cholesterol synthesis may promote dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Objective: To assess cholesterol synthesis and absorption in lean individuals, obese individuals, and individuals with T2DM. Methods: We measured lathosterol and lanosterol (markers of cholesterol synthesis) as well as campesterol and β-sitosterol (markers of cholesterol absorption) in the serum of 15 to 26 years old individuals with T2DM (n = 95), as well as their lean (n = 98) and obese (n = 92) controls. Results: Individuals with T2DM showed a 51% increase in lathosterol and a 65% increase in lanosterol compared to lean controls. Similarly, obese individuals showed a 31% increase in lathosterol compared to lean controls. Lathosterol and lanosterol were positively correlated with body mass index, fasting insulin and glucose, serum triglycerides, and C-reactive protein, and negatively correlated with HDL-cholesterol. In contrast, campesterol and β-sitosterol were not altered in individuals with T2DM. Moreover, campesterol and β-sitosterol were negatively correlated with body mass index, fasting insulin, and C-reactive protein and were positively correlated with HDL-cholesterol. Conclusions: Adolescents and young adults with T2DM show evidence of increased cholesterol synthesis compared to non-diabetic lean controls. These findings suggest

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“…Another in vivo study showed that the administration of β-sitosterol significantly increased the levels of insulin, hemoglobin, and the PPAR-c and GLUT4 proteins, alleviated insulin resistance, and decreased the plasma glucose levels in high-fat diet-and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats [69]. In addition, a clinical cohort study revealed rather specific negative correlations between the serum sitosterol level and the serum IL6 and TNF-α levels in both subjects with and without diabetes, suggesting the anti-inflammatory potential of β-sitosterol [70].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Use of Network Pharmacology to Explore the Mechanism of Gegen (Puerariae lobatae Radix) in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Associated with Hyperlipidemia

Gao

Shi

Jia

et al. 2021

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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Rapid increases in metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hyperlipidemia, are becoming a substantial challenge to worldwide public health. Traditional Chinese medicine has a long history and abundant experience in the treatment of diabetes and hyperlipidemia, and Puerariae lobatae Radix (known as Gegen in Chinese) is one of the most prevalent Chinese herbs applied to treat these diseases. The underlying mechanism by which Gegen simultaneously treats diabetes and hyperlipidemia, however, has not been clearly elucidated to date. Therefore, we systematically explored the potential mechanism of Gegen in the treatment of T2DM complicated with hyperlipidemia based on network pharmacology. We screened the potential targets of Gegen, T2DM, and hyperlipidemia in several online databases. Then, the hub targets were analyzed by performing protein-protein interaction, Gene Ontology (GO), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment assays, and finally, the complicated connections among compounds, targets, and pathways were visualized in Cytoscape. We found that isoflavones, including daidzein, genistein, and puerarin, as well as β-sitosterol, are the key active ingredients of Gegen responsible for its antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemia effects, which mainly target AKR1B1, EGFR, ESR, TNF, NOS3, MAPK3, PPAR, CYP19A1, INS, IL6, and SORD and multiple pathways, such as the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway; the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications, fluid shear stress, and atherosclerosis; the PPAR signaling pathway; insulin resistance; the HIF-1 signaling pathway; the TNF signaling pathway; and others. These active ingredients also target multiple biological processes, including the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis, and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant pathways. In conclusion, Gegen is a promising therapeutic phytomedicine for T2DM with hyperlipidemia that targets multiple proteins, biological processes, and pathways.

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Sitosterol prevents obesity-related chronic inflammation

Cited by 55 publications

References 35 publications

Non-Cholesterol Sterol Concentrations as Biomarkers for Cholesterol Absorption and Synthesis in Different Metabolic Disorders: A Systematic Review

Non-Cholesterol Sterol Concentrations as Biomarkers for Cholesterol Absorption and Synthesis in Different Metabolic Disorders: A Systematic Review

Markers of cholesterol synthesis are elevated in adolescents and young adults with type 2 diabetes

Use of Network Pharmacology to Explore the Mechanism of Gegen (Puerariae lobatae Radix) in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Associated with Hyperlipidemia

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