Site diversity performance in Ka band using a 7.3-m antenna diameter at tropical climate: a comparison of prediction models

Samat, Fazdliana; Singh, Mandeep Jit

doi:10.1007/s11600-020-00451-y

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 28 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…More observations could be conducted; however, these comparisons are sufficient for the current dataset. However, interested readers may follow the details of the model’s comparison with real time measurement satellite signal in [ 32 ] and models’ characteristics in [ 33 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Horizontal Rain-Cell Span and Wind Impact on Multisite Diversity Scheme in a Tropical Region during El-Niño and La-Niña

Samat

Singh

Al-Jumaily

et al. 2023

Sensors

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Site diversity is the most effective way to recover a signal lost during heavy downpours, especially in tropical regions since other mitigation techniques such as adaptive power control and code modulation may be unreliable during such. Duplicated links at diverse sites are deployed, and the least-attenuated signal of either site will be routed to the prime site for further operation. Since the deployment is costly, a diversity-gain model is used to estimate the appropriateness of selected sites. Diversity gain is known to depend on site-separation distance and elevation angle and, optionally, baseline angle and signal frequency, based on the region of research. In addition to these factors, the horizontal rain-cell span and the wind’s impact on the gain are ongoing investigations, especially in tropical regions. This article presented the rain analysis from the year 2014 to mid-July 2017 at eight sites in the Gombak and Sepang districts of Malaysia to investigate the dependency relevancies. The rain rates were then used to predict the attenuation using the ITU-R P.618-13 rain-attenuation model, and the inter- and cross-district gain characteristics were evaluated. The observation of diurnal rain during the northeast seasons yielded that the northeast wind stimulates intense rain at locations along its direction, thus, extending the horizontal rain-cell span to 15 km distant from a host. Meanwhile, sites located at 5 km distant, slightly perpendicular to the wind direction, and from 90° to 180° from due north of the host, experience less rain. The baseline angle variation establishes nonimpact to the gain and lengthening the site-separation distance presented equal chances to the shorter span towards diversity-gain increment. The research outcome is necessary to formulate a more reliable diversity-gain model to be used in the industry.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Horizontal Rain-Cell Span and Wind Impact on Multisite Diversity Scheme in a Tropical Region during El-Niño and La-Niña

Samat

Singh

Al-Jumaily

et al. 2023

Sensors

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The SDG prediction models developed by the researchers mentioned before, namely, Hodge, ITU-R, Panagopoulos, Semire, and Yeo, were analyzed further in terms of their SDG dependency on the site separation distance. The full formulas of each model can be extracted in [48]. This article highlights the formula of each model that concerns site separation distance only.…”

Section: Performance Evaluation Of Sdg Prediction Models Over Measured Sdg In Greece and Indiamentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Review of the Site Diversity Technique in Tropical Region: Evaluation of Prediction Models Using Site Diversity Gain of Greece and India

et al. 2021

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

my).⁞ABSTRACT The satellite signal deteriorates as it propagates from the source to the ground antenna on the surface of the earth. While some losses involving the amplitude and energy of the signal are unavoidably recovered due to the long slant path through the atmosphere, the impairment due to precipitation, especially rain, can be mitigated. Site diversity is one of the ways to obtain a less rain-attenuated signal, simply by preparing the other site to receive a link similar to that of the main site. Dual site diversity is common in practice with a site separation distance of at least a rain cell extent. This article presents an overview of the site diversity concept and a description of all parameters involved regarding the factor that contributed to the gain, which has been used as a performance metric to measure the effectiveness of a site diversity scheme. A detailed assessment of the capability of the gain prediction model is presented using site diversity experimental data conducted in two different climatic groups, namely, Greece in a temperate region and India in a tropical climatic region. The models involved in the evaluation were the ITU-R, Hodge, and Panagopoulos models, which were validated using temperate regional data, and the Semire and Yeo models, which were validated using tropical regional data. The observations of model behavior revealed that the Semire and Yeo models of the tropics were consistent with the measured gain obtained from India and Greece, respectively; thus, this demonstrated that the direction of future prediction models should consider both climates in the validation process.⁞INDEX TERMS Signal degradation, model evaluation, tropical region, rain-induced attenuation, atmospheric effect.

show abstract

“…The gain from the seven SD schemes was extracted at an attenuation pace of 1 dB. The attenuation at CYB-RWG was found to be saturated at approximately 24 dB for 0.01 percent of the time [34] because the usage of the larger diameter of the antenna in the experiment sustains the signal from more severe attenuation compared to that of the smaller antenna used in the other SD scheme [35]. Therefore, all the gains from the other sites were also extracted to the 24 dB value to deliver a fair evaluation, and all gains were stored in a database.…”

Section: B the Proposed Framework Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observation of Site Diversity Gain Dependency on Separation Distance Using an Attenuation-Dependent Logarithmic Model in a Tropical Region

et al. 2021

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

⁞ABSTRACT Ensuring site diversity is a fade mitigation technique used to overcome severe rain-induced attenuation encountered in high-frequency signal communications, especially over tropical regions. However, due to the high cost of deploying diverse equipment and terrestrial infrastructures for connections between two sites, gain prediction models are widely used to evaluate the performance of a given scheme. This article presents a study on the behavior of four parameters that contribute to site diversity gain: site separation distance, link frequency, elevation angle, and baseline orientation angle. A correlation between gain and distance is found in the form of an attenuation-dependent logarithmic function instead of the gain being saturated when the increment of the distance exceeds the convective rain cell extent, as was found in the literature. Therefore, a site diversity logarithmic model, SDLog, is proposed. The analysis utilized seven site diversity experiments conducted in the tropics, i.e., in Malaysia, Singapore, and Guam, USA. The performance of the SDLog model was compared with the performances of existing models, namely, the ITU-R, Hodge, Panagopoulos, Semire, and X. Yeo models. The SDLog model reproduces the experimental datasets with an average root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.12, while those of the ITU-R, Hodge, Panagopoulos, Semire, and X. Yeo models are 0.226, 0.289, 0.19, 0.192, and 0.311, respectively. These models were also evaluated based on diversity experiments conducted in Indonesia, separate from the former evaluation. The RMSE and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of all evaluations are presented, and the SDLog model seems to be convincing.

show abstract

Site diversity performance in Ka band using a 7.3-m antenna diameter at tropical climate: a comparison of prediction models

Cited by 3 publications

References 28 publications

The Horizontal Rain-Cell Span and Wind Impact on Multisite Diversity Scheme in a Tropical Region during El-Niño and La-Niña

The Horizontal Rain-Cell Span and Wind Impact on Multisite Diversity Scheme in a Tropical Region during El-Niño and La-Niña

A Comprehensive Review of the Site Diversity Technique in Tropical Region: Evaluation of Prediction Models Using Site Diversity Gain of Greece and India

Observation of Site Diversity Gain Dependency on Separation Distance Using an Attenuation-Dependent Logarithmic Model in a Tropical Region

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About