“…DPP-4 inhibitors can enhance and prolong the activity of endogenous incretin hormones GLP-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) by inhibiting the activity of DPP-4 enzyme, thereby improving glycaemic control. DPP-4 inhibitors have been shown to be associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer [119] , oral cancer [120] , and breast cancer [121] . A repositioning study showed that linagliptin had a therapeutic effect on colorectal cancer based on molecular docking and gene expression profiling methods, and this result was verified by in vivo experiments [122] .…”