siRNA‐based nanotherapeutics as emerging modalities for immune‐mediated diseases: A preliminary review

Abstract

Immune-mediated diseases (IMDs) are chronic conditions that have an immunemediated etiology. Clinically, these diseases appear to be unrelated, but pathogenic pathways have been shown to connect them. While inflammation is a common occurrence in the body, it may either stimulate a favorable immune response to protect against harmful signals or cause illness by damaging cells and tissues. Nanomedicine has tremendous promise for regulating inflammation and treating IMIDs. Various nanoparticles coated with nanotherapeutics have been recently fabricated for effective targeted delivery to inflammatory tissues. RNA interference (RNAi) offers a tremendous genetic approach, particularly if traditional treatments are ineffective against IMDs. In cells, several signaling pathways can be suppressed by using RNAi, which blocks the expression of particular messenger RNAs. Using this molecular approach, the undesirable effects of anti-inflammatory medications can be reduced. Still, there are many problems with using short-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to treat IMDs, including poor localization of the siRNAs in target tissues, unstable gene expression, and quick removal from the blood. Nanotherapeutics have been widely used in designing siRNA-based carriers because of the restricted therapy options for IMIDs. In this review, we have discussed recent trends in the fabrication of siRNA nanodelivery systems, including lipid-based siRNA nanocarriers, liposomes, and cationic lipids, stable nucleic acid-lipid particles, polymeric-based siRNA nanocarriers, polyethylenimine (PEI)-based nanosystems, chitosan-based nanoformulations, inorganic material-based siRNA nanocarriers, and hybrid-based delivery systems. We have also introduced novel siRNA-based nanocarriers to

Biopolymer-Based Nanosystems for siRNA Drug Delivery to Solid Tumors including Breast Cancer

“…siRNA–lipid complexes are known as lipoplexes. Cationic liposomes combined with lipids have shown excellent outcomes in siRNA drug delivery for cancer therapy [ 21 ]. However, immune responses and undesired toxicities associated with lipoplexes should be addressed.…”

“…Further, cationic lipoplexes have been coated with anionic polymers, including sodium salts of hyaluronic acid, and alginic acid carboxymethyl cellulose. The coated cationic liposomes showed enhanced siRNA delivery to solid tumors ( Figure 2 ) [ 21 ].…”

“…Electrostatic interactions between polymers and siRNA are readily achievable through linkages (thiol, maleimide, disulfide, etc.). The natural cationic polymers have led to efficient delivery approaches due to low toxicity, biodegradability, and biocompatibility [ 21 , 51 , 52 , 53 ].…”

“…Increasing the polycation amount could improve this pitfall while increasing toxicity, and hence an optimum polycation quantity should be utilized. Further, dendrimers have flexibility and prospects in siRNA loading [ 21 , 54 ].…”

“…[ 20 ]. To enhance the transfection efficiency of chitosan NPs, an ionic gelatin method has been developed [ 21 ]. The incorporation of heparin into chitosan nanoparticles increased transfection efficiency.…”