Sinks without borders: snowshoe hare dynamics in a complex landscape

Griffin, Paul C.; Mills, L. Scott

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.17621.x

Cited by 63 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…As animals died, new individuals were radiocollared, year-round and throughout the study. Wild snowshoe hares generally have low annual survival rates (17,35), limiting the expression of individual plasticity across >1 y. Of our 148 different animals monitored, only 7 survived for >1 fall or spring molt and only one survived for >1.5 y after collaring; because of incomplete detection and temporary emigration of radiocollared animals, we were not able to document consecutive spring or fall molts for any of these 7 hares.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Hare densities in this region vary but tend to be less than two hares per ha (34). Snowshoe hares were livetrapped using Tomahawk traps (Tomahawk Live Trap Company, Tomahawk, WI) and fitted with radiocollars (Wildlife Materials, Murphysboro, IL) (17). All handling procedures were in accordance with the University of Montana Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee animal use protocol (Protocol no.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, hares move less and die more when illuminated to predator under a full moon on snow (15), and they tend to avoid risky canopy gaps within closed forests (16). At the population level, differences in adult survival in different stand structure types are sufficient to dampen population cycles in their southern range (17,18).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The pervasive influence of predation on hares implies strong selection on their cryptic coloration (19) and against sustained seasonal mismatch in coat color (17,20). Indeed, naturalists have long noted the remarkable concordance between phenology of hare seasonal coat color change and the presence of snow across elevational, latitudinal, and seasonal gradients (21)(22)(23).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Camouflage mismatch in seasonal coat color due to decreased snow duration

Mills

Zímová

Oyler

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

165

232

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Most examples of seasonal mismatches in phenology span multiple trophic levels, with timing of animal reproduction, hibernation, or migration becoming detached from peak food supply. The consequences of such mismatches are difficult to link to specific future climate change scenarios because the responses across trophic levels have complex underlying climate drivers often confounded by other stressors. In contrast, seasonal coat color polyphenism creating camouflage against snow is a direct and potentially severe type of seasonal mismatch if crypsis becomes compromised by the animal being white when snow is absent. It is unknown whether plasticity in the initiation or rate of coat color change will be able to reduce mismatch between the seasonal coat color and an increasingly snow-free background. We find that natural populations of snowshoe hares exposed to 3 y of widely varying snowpack have plasticity in the rate of the spring white-to-brown molt, but not in either the initiation dates of color change or the rate of the fall brown-to-white molt. Using an ensemble of locally downscaled climate projections, we also show that annual average duration of snowpack is forecast to decrease by 29–35 d by midcentury and 40–69 d by the end of the century. Without evolution in coat color phenology, the reduced snow duration will increase the number of days that white hares will be mismatched on a snowless background by four- to eightfold by the end of the century. This novel and visually compelling climate change-induced stressor likely applies to >9 widely distributed mammals with seasonal coat color.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Camouflage mismatch in seasonal coat color due to decreased snow duration

Mills

Zímová

Oyler

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

165

232

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“…Additionally, Wilcove (1985) observed elevated nest predation rates on very small forest fragments and on patches closer to suburban areas. Accordingly, some snowshoe hare studies have found increased predation in open areas with reduced cover (Dolbeer 1975, Sievert and Keith 1985, Griffin and Mills 2009, while others have found predation to be very high on small patches of habitat in highly fragmented landscapes (Keith et al 1993, Wirsing et al 2002.…”

Section: Table Of Contents List Of Figuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Theoretical impacts of habitat loss and generalist predation on predator–prey cycles

Vitense

Wirsing

Tyson

et al. 2016

Ecological Modelling

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I used a reaction-diffusion-advection framework to investigate the relative and combined damping impacts of generalist predation and habitat loss with reaction terms taken from the May and Rosenzweig-MacArthur models. The models were parameterized using data from snowshoe hare and Canada lynx field studies to generate similar cyclic dynamics in the center of a single patch in the absence of generalist predation. I found that generalist predation has strong stabilizing effects for both models and may represent a threat to the persistence of specialized predators. The magnitude of cycle damping due to habitat loss depends on movement rates and model choice, but ultimately results in the loss of cycles. Differences in model carrying capacity may explain differences in model sensitivity to habitat loss, and cycle amplitude may or may not decrease monotonically with habitat loss, depending on model choice. Elevated generalist predation rates at patch edges and in matrix habitat hasten cycle attenuation in situations that lead to increased prey exposure to generalists, including small patch size, higher movement rates into the matrix, and increased prey density at patch edges. Habitat disturbances may therefore have myriad consequences for cyclic systems depending in part on the nature of specialist predator-prey interactions and the extent to which the disturbances increase generalist access to prey. Field data that clarifies the relationships between habitat loss and fragmentation, generalist density and behavior, and cyclic activity would be invaluable in informing future modeling efforts.

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Cascade of Liquid‐Phase Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation and Etherification of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural to Potential Biodiesel Components over Lewis Acid Zeolites

et al. 2014

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We report a one‐step process for the production of diesel fuel from biomass‐derived 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). The reaction proceeds through the sequential transfer hydrogenation and etherification of HMF to 2,5‐bis(alkoxymethyl)furan, a potential biodiesel additive, catalyzed by a Lewis acid zeolite, such as Sn‐Beta or Zr‐Beta. An alcohol is used as a hydrogen donor and as a reactant in etherification. This cascade reaction can selectively produce high yields of the biodiesel additive (>80 % yield) from HMF with the Sn‐Beta catalyst and secondary alcohols, such as 2‐propanol and 2‐butanol.

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Sinks without borders: snowshoe hare dynamics in a complex landscape

Cited by 63 publications

References 49 publications

Camouflage mismatch in seasonal coat color due to decreased snow duration

Camouflage mismatch in seasonal coat color due to decreased snow duration

Theoretical impacts of habitat loss and generalist predation on predator–prey cycles

Cascade of Liquid‐Phase Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation and Etherification of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural to Potential Biodiesel Components over Lewis Acid Zeolites

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