Single Word Insertions as Code-Switching or Established Borrowing?

Abstract

The present study aims to show whether or not English single word insertions in Persian can be considered as code-switching or established borrowing. A mixed method design is chosen for the study. Data for the present study were collected from 12 Persian-English bilingual speakers in different tape-recorded spontaneous conversations. The findings of the study revealed that English single word insertions cannot be considered as established borrowing for several reasons: a) They are not integrated phonologically into the Persian frame b) They behave similarly to phrasal insertions with different Persian markers c) They are not fixed in the mental lexicon of the bilingual Persian-English speakers and are used without any awareness and d) English verbs cannot integrate into the Persian frame-neither morphologically nor syntactically. Overall, the present study agrees with Myers-Scotton's (2002) that borrowing arises originally as code-switching, and borrowed forms and code-switched forms tend to fall across a continuum.

The Treatment of Unflagged New Testament Code Switching in English Bible Translations

“…It seems equally clear that these borrowings undergo a process of assimilation which is not instantaneous (Poplack and Sankoff 1984, 100). 14 In other words, bilinguals insert a word 15 or words from language B into language A; over time these words are gradually integrated and become common enough in language A that eventually monolinguals begin to use them as if they had historically always been a part of language A (Myers-Scotton, quoted in Hadei 2016, 14). The most appropriate term for the initial contact which may eventually lead to established borrowings is code switching, “when linguistic elements from two or more languages [are] combined in one clause or sentence” (Myers-Scotton 2006, 203).…”

Сode-switching in online communication of the Russian migrants in Germany

“…It is also worth mentioning that in the German language there is a rule that all nouns should be written with a first capital letter. With the switching to the Russian letters, there is no consistency observed (8,9,10). The author can use both options in adjacent sentences (8).…”

“…Further, many singly occurring words that are code-switches could (and do) become established borrowings if they are adopted by trend-setters." (Marzieh Hadei, 2016) In this paper, I will assume that all cases of insertions from the embedded language into the matrix language are CS. Despite the large Russian-speaking population in Germany, it is still too early to talk about a common mental lexicon, so the insertions have not had enough time to become part of it, as it was evidenced by a large number of metalinguistic comments on the acceptability of certain constructions with German words.…”

All that is English may be Hindi: Enhancing language identification through automatic ranking of the likeliness of word borrowing in social media

“…More recently, (Nzai et al, 2014) analyzed the formal conversation of Spanish-English multilingual people and found that code mixing/borrowing is not only restricted to daily speech but is also prevalent in formal conversations. (Hadei, 2016) showed that phonological integration could be evaluated to understand the phenomenon of word borrowing. Along similar lines, (Sebonde, 2014) showed morphological and syntactic features could be good indicators for numerical borrowings.…”