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Static adsorption measurements of petroleum sulfonates on crushed Bell Creek and Berea cores were made utilizing fluids with the same active surfactant concentration but varying brine-to-oil mass ratios. The salinity of the brine was chosen such that a significant three-phase region existed in the oil/brine/surfactant/alcohol system. The surfactant adsorption was found to be independent of the structural and compositional differences among the fluids. A series of oil recovery tests in which middlephase microemulsions were injected into waterflooded cores were also carried out. The cores utilized in these tests had been treated to remove divalent ions accessible to fluid flow. Microemulsion slugs (1.75 to 146 percent pore volume) of equal active surfactant concentration but differing brine-to-oil mass ratios were injected. The total surfactant retention for this system was also found to be independent of the brine-to-oil mass ratio. Introduction Control of sulfonate loss is one of the single most important factors in determining the success or failure of a surfactant flooding process. In a typical surfactant flood sulfonate costs are frequently half or more of the total project cost. As a result, this area has been frequently studied. Many authors have studied detailed adsorption mechanisms—mostly from aqueous solutions and at relatively low concentrations. A recent thesis from the University of Texas, and the references contained therein, provide an excellent description of this type of work. The petroleum industry literature deals more with evaluating the controlling factors in actual flood implementation. Surfactant loss has been broken down into adsorption, precipitation, and phase trapping. The effects of sacrificial agents, sulfonate fractionation, divalent ions, and salinity gradients have all been investigated. Since it is not the purpose of this paper to provide a review of the literature, we have attempted only to summarize some of this literature in the form of a table (see Table 1).
Static adsorption measurements of petroleum sulfonates on crushed Bell Creek and Berea cores were made utilizing fluids with the same active surfactant concentration but varying brine-to-oil mass ratios. The salinity of the brine was chosen such that a significant three-phase region existed in the oil/brine/surfactant/alcohol system. The surfactant adsorption was found to be independent of the structural and compositional differences among the fluids. A series of oil recovery tests in which middlephase microemulsions were injected into waterflooded cores were also carried out. The cores utilized in these tests had been treated to remove divalent ions accessible to fluid flow. Microemulsion slugs (1.75 to 146 percent pore volume) of equal active surfactant concentration but differing brine-to-oil mass ratios were injected. The total surfactant retention for this system was also found to be independent of the brine-to-oil mass ratio. Introduction Control of sulfonate loss is one of the single most important factors in determining the success or failure of a surfactant flooding process. In a typical surfactant flood sulfonate costs are frequently half or more of the total project cost. As a result, this area has been frequently studied. Many authors have studied detailed adsorption mechanisms—mostly from aqueous solutions and at relatively low concentrations. A recent thesis from the University of Texas, and the references contained therein, provide an excellent description of this type of work. The petroleum industry literature deals more with evaluating the controlling factors in actual flood implementation. Surfactant loss has been broken down into adsorption, precipitation, and phase trapping. The effects of sacrificial agents, sulfonate fractionation, divalent ions, and salinity gradients have all been investigated. Since it is not the purpose of this paper to provide a review of the literature, we have attempted only to summarize some of this literature in the form of a table (see Table 1).
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