Single-step, chromogenic Limulus amebocyte lysate assay for endotoxin

Lindsay, Greg; Roslansky, Priscilla F.; Novitsky, Thomas J.

doi:10.1128/jcm.27.5.947-951.1989

Cited by 74 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Serum endotoxin levels were expressed in EU/mL, according to the previously validated method. 21 Age, body mass index (BMI), sugar excretion, and endo-toxin levels were compared between controls and both patient subgroups (CsA and FK506) using analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and unpaired Student's t-test where appropriate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of chronic administration of tacrolimus and cyclosporine on human gastrointestinal permeability

Parrilli

Abazia

Sarnelli

et al. 2003

Liver Transplantation

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The antirejection drug tacrolimus (FK506) has been reported to impair intestinal permeability in an early stage after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), and cyclosporine (CsA) has shown a similar effect in animals. We studied the chronic effect of FK506 and CsA on gastroduodenal and intestinal permeability and on blood endotoxin levels in patients 2 to 3 years after OLT. Thirty-two OLT patients (22 men and 10 women; mean age, 44.8 ؎ 7.1) who had received CsA (n ‫؍‬ 19) or FK506 (n ‫؍‬ 13) and 10 healthy volunteers (6 male and 4 female, mean age 41.7 ؎ 5.4) were assessed for gastroduodenal permeability by recovery in urine of sucrose after oral administration and for intestinal permeability by recovery in urine after oral loads of rhamnose and lactulose, which evaluate the intracellular and paracellular routes, respectively. In all subjects, plasma levels of endotoxins also were assessed. Gastroduodenal permeability was similar in patients and controls (0.03 ؎ 0.003 versus 0.04 ؎ 0.01%, P ‫؍‬ NS). In regard to intestinal permeability, passage through the intracellular route was significantly reduced in OLT patients compared with controls (1.13 ؎ 0.06 versus 2.74 ؎ 0.17%, P < .01), but paracellular permeability was unchanged (0.14 ؎ 0.007 versus 0.13 ؎ 0.01%, P ‫؍‬ NS). Serum endotoxin levels were similar in all subjects. We conclude that chronic administration of FK506 or CsA induces a clinically irrelevant, selective dysfunction of monosaccharide absorption, but does not affect gastroduodenal or intestinal permeability. (Liver Transpl 2003;9:484-488.) D uring the last decade, an increasing number of subjects underwent orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). 1 In Europe, the average survival rate 1 year after OLT currently is over 80%, and morbidity and mortality rates after transplantation are receiving increasing attention. 1 Infections, neoplasms and autoimmune disease, and a higher risk of hypertension and lipid abnormalities usually are observed after OLT, and all can negatively affect the outcome of the transplant. 2,3 Most of the metabolic alterations observed after OLT likely are associated with the use of immunosuppressive drugs, and various side effects have been reported during chronic therapy with cyclosporine (CsA) and tacrolimus (FK506). 4,5 During immunosuppressive and cytotoxic therapy, the intestinal epithelium can lose its barrier function. 6,7 This function can be evaluated in vivo by tests based on permeability of small intestine to sugar probes such as lactulose (Lacl) and rhamnose (L-Rh), administered orally and recovered in urine. 8 The ratio between urinary Lacl and L-Rh has been used to evaluate altered intestinal permeability in conditions such as immunodepression, 9,10 viral gastroenteritis, 11,12 coeliac disease, 13 and Crohn's disease. 14 In these conditions, the increased permeation of macromolecules through the intestinal wall takes place generally through the paracellular pathway and may be associated with high levels of plasmatic endotoxins. 15,16 FK506 has been reported to i...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of chronic administration of tacrolimus and cyclosporine on human gastrointestinal permeability

Parrilli

Abazia

Sarnelli

et al. 2003

Liver Transplantation

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“…3 The third assay involves the use of a modified LAL reagent, which incorporates a chromogenic substrate. 4 The substrate contains a small peptide that includes the cleavage site of coagulin and the chromophore paranitroaniline. This assay can also be either end point or kinetic but requires a spectrophotometer with a wavelength of 405 nm.…”

Section: The Assaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Limitations of the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate Test in Demonstrating Circulating Lipopolysaccharides

Novitsky

1998

Annals NY Acad Sci

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“…These were analyzed for ergosterol, a component of the fungal cell, to provide a quantitative measure of total fungi. Bacterial endotoxins were analyzed by Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay (Lindsay et al, 1989).…”

Section: Measurement Of Biological Contaminants (Phase I)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of House Characteristics in a Canadian Community on Microbiological Contamination

Lawton¹,

Dales

White

1998

Indoor Air

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Fifty‐nine houses in the small Canadian community of Wallaceburg, 39 with high levels of biologically active contaminants and 20 with low levels, were subjected to detailed field inspections: testing to determine house‐operating parameters; monitoring of indoor environmental conditions; and simulating to predict the condensation formation potential under winter conditions. It was found that low air leakage and natural ventilation were not associated with higher levels of mold growth, as measured by ergosterol concentrations and airborne viable particulates. Analyses showed that moisture sources in the houses were a more significant factor in mold levels and dust mite antigen levels than relative humidity. Mold areas visible during inspection were not a good predictor of ergosterol concentrations in dust, indicating that much of the mold growth was in hidden locations.

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Single-step, chromogenic Limulus amebocyte lysate assay for endotoxin

Cited by 74 publications

References 11 publications

Effect of chronic administration of tacrolimus and cyclosporine on human gastrointestinal permeability

Effect of chronic administration of tacrolimus and cyclosporine on human gastrointestinal permeability

Limitations of the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate Test in Demonstrating Circulating Lipopolysaccharides

The Influence of House Characteristics in a Canadian Community on Microbiological Contamination

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