Single specimen determination of Young's and bulk moduli of polymers

Characterisation of alginate gels using quasi-static and dynamic methods

“…Contrary to the suggestions given by Warfield et al (1970) to determine both E and K consecutively on the same specimen (this being possible when E and K are of the same order of magnitude), two sets of eight samples of alginate gels were produced. One set was tested in compression without the constraining ring using a 100 N load cell at V t = 0.5 mm s À1 to obtain the Young's modulus ( Table 2).…”

“…During the NOL test (Chabrier et al, 1999;Warfield et al, 1970), which is a uniaxial compression test, the force required to deform the specimen is initially proportional to the Young's modulus (E). As soon as the deformed specimen contacts the constraining ring, there is an instantaneous change in slope, this being proportional to the bulk modulus (K).…”

“…The test developed by Warfield, Cuevas, and Barnet (1970) at the US Naval Ordnance Laboratory (White Oak, MD, USA), and generally referred as the ''NOL Test" (Chabrier, Lloyd, & Scrimgeour, 1999), was used. A stainless steel type 316 constraining ring (40.00 ± 0.05 mm in height, 55.00 ± 0.05 and 24.00 ± 0.05 mm in outside and inside diameters) and two ''Duralumin" pistons (23.90 ± 0.05 mm in diameter, and 10.00 ± 0.05 and 35.00 ± 0.05 mm in height, respectively) were used.…”

Interrelationship Between the Transient Functions of Bologna Using Friedrich and Heymann Theory

“…Contrary to the suggestions given by Warfield et al. (1970) to consecutively determine both E and K on the same specimen, two sets of 25 specimens of bologna were produced.…”

“…The test developed by Warfield et al (1970) at the U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory (White Oak, MD), and generally referred as the "NOL Test" (Chabrier et al 1999), was used.…”