Single-shot pulse duration monitor for extreme ultraviolet and X-ray free-electron lasers

Riedel, Robert; Al-Shemmary, A.; Gensch, Michael; Golz, Torsten; Harmand, M.; Medvedev, Nikita; Prandolini, M. J.; Sokolowski‐Tinten, K.; Toleikis, S.; Wegner, U.; Ziaja, Beata; Stojanović, Nikola; Tavella, F.

doi:10.1038/ncomms2754

Cited by 95 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Such time scales can be resolved in experiment with modern pump-probe techniques. 21,22 Both x-ray-pump-x-ray-probe schemes, 23 measuring the atomic positions directly, and x-raypump-visible-light-probe schemes, 21,22 accessing the data on the electronic structure and the density of the conduction-band electrons, could be employed for this purpose. Time-resolved measurements of the graphitization process for different photon energies could confirm our model results and would be an opportunity to learn more about the nature of the nonthermal phase transition.…”

Section: Effect Of Incoming Photon Energy On Transient Kineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3][4] Combined with recently developed and constantly improving time-sorting pump-probe techniques, they can probe the atomic or electronic dynamics in irradiated materials with a femtosecond resolution. 21,22,26 These outstanding experimental achievements rely on a good performance of various devices used in FEL experiments. Many of these devices, such as detectors, substrates, x-ray mirrors and diffractive optics, involve carbon-based materials, in particular diamond.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It enables creating and probing plasmas, 14,15 hot dense matter, [15][16][17] and warm dense matter, 18,19 as well as the investigation of the interaction of low-fluence ultrafast laser pulses with matter, with applications to structural studies within solidstate physics, 11,[20][21][22][23] nanophysics, 24 molecular physics, and biophysics. 25 The presently operating free-electron lasers can produce laser pulses with durations of a few tens down to a few femtoseconds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nonthermal graphitization of diamond induced by a femtosecond x-ray laser pulse

2013

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Diamond irradiated with an ultrashort intense laser pulse in the regime of photon energies from soft up to hard x rays can undergo a phase transition to graphite. This transition is induced by an excitation of electrons from the valence band or from atomic deep shells of the material into its conduction band, which is followed by a transient rapid change of the interatomic potential. Such a nonthermal phase transition occurs on a femtosecond time scale, shortly after or even during the laser pulse. In this work we show that the duration of the graphitization depends on the incoming photon energy: the higher the photon energy is, the longer the secondary electron cascading which promotes the electrons into the conduction band will take. The transient kinetics of the electronic and atomic processes during the graphitization is analyzed in detail. The damage threshold fluence is calculated in the broad photon energy range and is found to be always ∼0.7 eV/atom in terms of the average dose absorbed per atom. It is confirmed that the temporal characteristics of a femtosecond laser pulse (at a fixed pulse duration and fluence) do not significantly influence the transient damage kinetics. Finally, the influence of an additional surface layer of high-Z material on the damage within diamond is discussed.

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Section: Effect Of Incoming Photon Energy On Transient Kineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nonthermal graphitization of diamond induced by a femtosecond x-ray laser pulse

2013

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“…Terahertz streaking of photoelectrons generated by the FEL pulse passing through a low-pressure gas target seems to be one of the most promising methods for non-invasive measurements of these quantities (Fruehling et al, 2009;Tavella et al, 2011;Grguras et al, 2012). Other methods under development are cross-correlation methods, which are achieved by shining a portion of the beam of the optical pump-probe laser and the FEL at an oblique angle onto the same spot of a suitable material, which changes its optical properties on interaction with the FEL pulses, thus providing relative timing information (Gahl et al, 2008;Beye et al, 2012;Riedel et al, 2013;Harmand et al, 2013). The derived timing signal can then be used for temporal sorting of the results of the individual pulses, effectively providing a timing accuracy limited by the cross-correlation timing signal.…”

Section: Free-electron Lasersmentioning

confidence: 99%

The potential of future light sources to explore the structure and function of matter

Weckert¹

2014

Acta Cryst Sect A

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Structural studies in general, and crystallography in particular, have benefited and still do benefit dramatically from the use of synchrotron radiation. Lowemittance storage rings of the third generation provide focused beams down to the micrometre range that are sufficiently intense for the investigation of weakly scattering crystals down to the size of several micrometres. Even though the coherent fraction of these sources is below 1%, a number of new imaging techniques have been developed to exploit the partially coherent radiation. However, many techniques in nanoscience are limited by this rather small coherent fraction. On the one hand, this restriction limits the ability to study the structure and dynamics of non-crystalline materials by methods that depend on the coherence properties of the beam, like coherent diffractive imaging and X-ray correlation spectroscopy. On the other hand, the flux in an ultra-small diffraction-limited focus is limited as well for the same reason. Meanwhile, new storage rings with more advanced lattice designs are under construction or under consideration, which will have significantly smaller emittances. These sources are targeted towards the diffraction limit in the X-ray regime and will provide roughly one to two orders of magnitude higher spectral brightness and coherence. They will be especially suited to experiments exploiting the coherence properties of the beams and to ultra-small focal spot sizes in the regime of several nanometres. Although the length of individual X-ray pulses at a storage-ring source is of the order of 100 ps, which is sufficiently short to track structural changes of larger groups, faster processes as they occur during vision or photosynthesis, for example, are not accessible in all details under these conditions. Linear accelerator (linac) driven free-electron laser (FEL) sources with extremely short and intense pulses of very high coherence circumvent some of the limitations of present-day storage-ring sources. It has been demonstrated that their individual pulses are short enough to outrun radiation damage for single-pulse exposures. These ultra-short pulses also enable time-resolved studies 1000 times faster than at standard storage-ring sources. Developments are ongoing at various places for a totally new type of X-ray source combining a linac with a storage ring. These energy-recovery linacs promise to provide pulses almost as short as a FEL, with brilliances and multi-user capabilities comparable with a diffraction-limited storage ring. Altogether, these new X-ray source developments will provide smaller and more intense X-ray beams with a considerably higher coherent fraction, enabling a broad spectrum of new techniques for studying the structure of crystalline and non-crystalline states of matter at atomic length scales. In addition, the short X-ray pulses of FELs will enable the study of fast atomic dynamics and non-equilibrium states of matter.

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“…In recent years various methods have been proposed and developed for accurate measurements of relative arrival times (Bionta et al, 2011;Tavella et al, 2011;Dü sterer et al, 2011; Ding et al, 2011;Dü sterer et al, 2011;Inubushi et al, 2012;Grguraš et al, 2012;Riedel et al, 2013). Among these methods, the THz streak camera (Itatani et al, 2002;Frü hling et al, 2009;Grguraš et al, 2012;Helml et al, 2014;Juranić et al, 2014b) is able to measure both the length and the arrival time of the photon pulses at wavelengths ranging from UV to hard X-ray.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation of FEL pulse length calculation with THz streaking method

Gorgisyan

Ischebeck

Prat

et al. 2016

J Synchrotron Radiat

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Having accurate and comprehensive photon diagnostics for the X-ray pulses delivered by free-electron laser (FEL) facilities is of utmost importance. Along with various parameters of the photon beam (such as photon energy, beam intensity, etc.), the pulse length measurements are particularly useful both for the machine operators to measure the beam parameters and monitor the stability of the machine performance, and for the users carrying out pumpprobe experiments at such facilities to better understand their measurement results. One of the most promising pulse length measurement techniques used for photon diagnostics is the THz streak camera which is capable of simultaneously measuring the lengths of the photon pulses and their arrival times with respect to the pump laser. This work presents simulations of a THz streak camera performance. The simulation procedure utilizes FEL pulses with two different photon energies in hard and soft X-ray regions, respectively. It recreates the energy spectra of the photoelectrons produced by the photon pulses and streaks them by a single-cycle THz pulse. Following the pulseretrieval procedure of the THz streak camera, the lengths were calculated from the streaked spectra. To validate the pulse length calculation procedure, the precision and the accuracy of the method were estimated for streaking configuration corresponding to previously performed experiments. The obtained results show that for the discussed setup the method is capable of measuring FEL pulses with about a femtosecond accuracy and precision.

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Single-shot pulse duration monitor for extreme ultraviolet and X-ray free-electron lasers

Cited by 95 publications

References 49 publications

Nonthermal graphitization of diamond induced by a femtosecond x-ray laser pulse

Nonthermal graphitization of diamond induced by a femtosecond x-ray laser pulse

The potential of future light sources to explore the structure and function of matter

Simulation of FEL pulse length calculation with THz streaking method

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