“…In recent years, many advanced control techniques have been developed for attitude control of spacecraft. Some control methods, such as single saturated proportional–derivative (PD) control (Su and Zheng, 2020), robust integral of the sign of the error (RISE) control (Guo et al, 2019), adaptive control (Lee and Singh, 2020; Tiwari et al, 2023; Zhang et al, 2022), prescribed performance control (Luo et al, 2018), backstepping control (Nadafi and Kabganian, 2022), iterative learning control (Yao, 2021), and passivity-based control (Lang et al, 2019), are designed for attitude tracking of spacecraft. However, they only achieve asymptotic convergence and uniformly ultimately boundedness of attitude tracking.…”