Single-pump heart-cutting two-dimensional liquid chromatography applied to the determination of fatty alcohol ethoxylates

Serial versus parallel columns using isocratic elution: A comparison of multi-column approaches in mono-dimensional liquid chromatography

“…However, HPLC with a single column still presents challenges in terms of resolution, analysis time and baseline drift in gradient elution, due to the limited chemistry of conventional stationary phases. The combination of retention mechanisms by coupling two or more columns in mono- [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12], or multi-dimensional [13][14][15][16] configurations, is currently the best solution to solve this drawback, which has opened enormously the range of resolutions. It is possible to achieve almost continuous transitions between the selectivity of two or more stationary phases by combining columns.…”

Comprehensive analysis of fatty alcohol ethoxylates by ultra high pressure hydrophilic interaction chromatography coupled with ion mobility spectrometry mass spectrometry using a custom-designed sub-2 μm column

“…Fatty alcohol ethoxylates (FAEs), as the largest group of non‐ionic surfactants, are extensively used as detergents, emulsifiers, solubilizers, dispersants, humidifiers, and additives in industrial, household and personal care products . FAEs are generally produced by the condensation of ethylene oxide (EO) units with long‐chain fatty alcohols , forming the structure CH 3 (CH 2 ) n –1 (OCH 2 CH 2 ) m OH where n indicates the length of the hydrocarbon chain and m is the number of EO units or the polar chain . A huge amount of FAEs are used in industrial and household detergents, which are then discharged into municipal wastewater after use.…”

“…For the fast and reliable analysis of complex mixtures as non‐ionic surfactant classes, multi‐dimensional separation techniques are generally considered to be advantageous over its 1‐D counterpart due to better separation efficiency and enhanced peak capacity. Both comprehensive 2‐D LC (LC×LC) and 2‐D GC (GC×GC) have been reported for the separation and analysis of FAEs. Recently, the combination of LC or UHPLC with ion mobility separation and MS measurement is becoming more and more popular for complex mixture analysis .…”

Corona charged aerosol detector non-uniform response factors of purified alcohol ethoxylated homologues using liquid chromatography

“…Traditionally, to perform surfactants analysis, HPLC is hyphenated with absorbance detection (UV-Vis) [21], fluorescence detection (FL) [22,23] refractive index detection (RI) [24] and evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD) [25]. Recently, mass spectrometry became also a detector of interested [26,27].…”