Single-photon generation and simultaneous observation of wave and particle properties

Aichele, Thomas; Herzog, Ulrike; Scholz, Matthias; Benson, Oliver

doi:10.1063/1.1874555

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The evolution of Einstein's views is instructive and one might sketch this evolution roughly as follows. 17 It may be argued that Einstein's primary model for doing fundamental physics was had always been Maxwell's electrodynamics as a field theory, which grounds special relativity, introduced in 1905, the same year he introduced the idea of photon. It also appears, however, that his thinking at the time was more flexible as concerns what type of physical theory one should or should not use.…”

Section: On the Evolution Of Einstein's Views: From Classical Electromentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Planck, who, as discussed earlier, strongly resisted Einstein's introduction of the concept of the photon, had never reconciled himself to the idea. Thus, it appears that until roughly 1920, Einstein did not have a strongly held philosophical position of the type he developed later on, first, following 17 The account of this evolution sketched here is courtesy of Arkady Plotnitsky [private communication]. See also Pais [232] for a discussion of the development of Einstein's views on fundamental physics, from his earlier work to his work on general relativity and beyond; and for Einstein's earlier views, see Don Howard and John Stachel, [105] and also [67].…”

Section: On the Evolution Of Einstein's Views: From Classical Electromentioning

confidence: 99%

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“Einstein's Dream”—Quantum Mechanics as Theory of Classical Random Fields

Khrennikov¹

2013

Reviews in Theoretical Science

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This is an introductory chapter of the book in progress on quantum foundations and incompleteness of quantum mechanics. Quantum mechanics is represented as statistical mechanics of classical fields. PrefaceThis book is dedicated to Einsteins vision of physics and specifically his hope for what quantum theory could and, in his view, should be. In particular, two of Einsteins dreams about the future of quantum theory are realized in this book: a reduction of quantum randomness to classical ensemble randomness and the total elimination of particles from quantum mechanics (QM) the creation of a field model of quantum phenomena. Thus, contrary to a number of the so-called no-go arguments and theorems advanced throughout the history of quantum theory (such as those of von Neumann, Kochen-Specker, and Bell), quantum probabilities and correlations can be described in a classical manner.There is, however, a crucial proviso. While this book argues that QM can be interpreted as a form of classical statistical mechanics (CSM), this classical statistical theory is not that of particles, but of fields. This means that the mathematical formalism of QM must be 1 Author's views on quantum foundations This section is full of my reminiscences of meetings in Växjö, philosophical and historical remarks on views of Hertz, Boltzmann, Planck, Einstein, Bohr, Schrödinger, von Neumann, De Broglie, von Mises,

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Section: On the Evolution Of Einstein's Views: From Classical Electromentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: On the Evolution Of Einstein's Views: From Classical Electromentioning

confidence: 99%

“Einstein's Dream”—Quantum Mechanics as Theory of Classical Random Fields

Khrennikov¹

2013

Reviews in Theoretical Science

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“…BCP says that the properties of waves and particles for a quantum system cannot be simultaneously observed. Various tests of BCP with single photons have been performed [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. However, the low detection efficiency associated with fast-moving, massless photons makes the results less persuasive and quite untenable.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…(b) Wavelike information V 2 , which-path information P 2 and P 2 + V 2 as functions of R1, which is determined by the length of the first microwave pulse. The red dots, black squares, and blue diamonds stand for the measured values of V 2 , P 2 and P 2 + V 2 without losses, and the red solid, black dashed and blue dotted lines are theoretical fittings according to equations (2)(3)(4).…”

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confidence: 99%

Experimental test of Bohr's complementarity principle with single neutral atoms

et al. 2016

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An experimental test of quantum complementarity principle based on single neutral atom trapped in a blue detuned bottle trap was here performed. A Ramsey interferometer was used to assess the wavelike behavior or particle-like behavior with second π/2-rotation on or off. The wavelike behavior or particle-like behavior is characterized by the visibility V of the interference or the predictability P of which-path information, respectively. The measured results fulfill the complementarity relation P 2 +V 2 ≤ 1. Imbalance losses were deliberately introduced to the stem and find the complementarity relation is then formally "violated." All the experimental results can be completely explained theoretically by quantum mechanics without considering the interference between wave and particle behaviors. This observation complements existing information concerning the BCP based on waveparticle duality of massive quantum.Bohr's complementarity principle (BCP) is one of the cornerstones of quantum mechanics, and the counterintuitive behavior of wave-particle duality lies at its heart [1]. BCP says that the properties of waves and particles for a quantum system cannot be simultaneously observed. Various tests of BCP with single photons have been performed [2-10]. However, the low detection efficiency associated with fast-moving, massless photons makes the results less persuasive and quite untenable. Here we use a well-controlled, massive, single trapped Cesium atom in a Ramsey interferometer to test BCP of wave-particle duality. A single atom is detected with much greater efficiency and our results confirm the complementarity relation. We also deliberately introduce imbalance losses into our system and find the complementarity relation is formally "violated". The whole experiment is closer to the classical notions, and the result is more ideal than ever, which makes BCP seem even more firm. Our observation provides an important complementation to understand the BCP of wave-particle duality. The system paves a way to observe selectively the wave-particle properties on a single quantum level for massive particles.Wheeler's gedanken delayed-choice experiment [11,12] and the corresponding realizations [6,7,9,13] reveal the nature of the fundamental particles of photons or atoms; they simultaneously possess behaviors of wave-particle duality until the detection arrangement forces them to behave as either one or the superposition of both. In a two-path interferometer, e.g., a Mach-Zehnder interferometer [MZI, see Fig. 1(a)], by moving the second beam splitter (BS) BS2 in or out, we can examine the two exclusive properties of waves and particles, respectively. With the BS2 in the MZI, there is interference between the two paths. By varying the phase difference between these two paths, we can observe an interference fringe, and thus we * gangli@sxu.edu.cn † tczhang@sxu.edu.cn can observe the pure wave property. When the second BS is moved out, the MZI is open and the two detectors detect the particle from two separate paths. Which-pa...

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“…Consequently, the photons must have displayed a wave-like phenomenon within the interferometer and particle-like after DC 2 , thereby verifying the principles of both complementarity and duality. Previous experiments have demonstrated wave-particle duality by switching apparatus between an interferometer and a Hanbury Brown-Twiss setup, or placing them in series and observing an interference fringe and an averaged g (2) (τ ) simultaneously [29][30][31]. Additional verification has been displayed by the implementation of a delayed choice experiment [32].…”

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confidence: 99%

On-Chip Manipulation of Single Photons from a Diamond Defect

et al. 2013

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Operating reconfigurable quantum circuits with single photon sources is a key goal of photonic quantum information science and technology. We use an integrated waveguide device containing directional couplers and a reconfigurable thermal phase controller to manipulate single photons emitted from a chromium related color center in diamond. Observation of both a wavelike interference pattern and particlelike sub-Poissionian autocorrelation functions demonstrates coherent manipulation of single photons emitted from the chromium related center and verifies wave particle duality.

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Single-photon generation and simultaneous observation of wave and particle properties

Abstract: We describe an experiment that generates single photons on demand and measures properties accounted to both particle-and wave-like features of light. The measurement is performed by exploiting data that are sampled simultaneously in a single experimental run.

Cited by 9 publications

References 19 publications

“Einstein's Dream”—Quantum Mechanics as Theory of Classical Random Fields

“Einstein's Dream”—Quantum Mechanics as Theory of Classical Random Fields

Experimental test of Bohr's complementarity principle with single neutral atoms

On-Chip Manipulation of Single Photons from a Diamond Defect

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