Single peptides and combination modalities for triple negative breast cancer

Abstract

Unlike other types of breast cancers (BCs), no specific therapeutic targets have been established for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Therefore, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are the only available adjuvant therapeutic choices for TNBC. New emerging reports show that TNBC is associated with higher numbers of intratumoral tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. This is indicative of host anti-TNBC immune surveillance and suggesting that immunotherapy can be considered as a therapeutic approach for TNBC management. Recent progress in molecular mechanisms of tumor-immune system interaction and cancer vaccine development studies, fast discoveries and FDA approvals of immune checkpoint inhibitors, chimeric antigen receptor T-cells, and oncolytic virotherapy have significantly attracted attention and research directions toward the immunotherapeutic approach to TNBC. Here in this review different aspects of TNBC immunotherapies including the host immune system-tumor interactions, the tumor microenvironment, the relevant molecular targets for immunotherapy, and clinical trials in the field are discussed.

Giant Fungated Locally Advanced Breast Carcinoma Responded to Hypofractionated Radiotherapy Combined with Apatinib: A Case Report and Literature Review

“…Compared with other subtypes, TNBC is more immunogenic, which indicates that TNBC might obtain additional benefits from immunotherapy. 24,25 Impassion-130 was the first clinical trial to report the positive results of immunotherapy for TNBC. Atezolizumab, a programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitor, has been approved as the first option, combined with Nab-paclitaxel, for the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic PD-L1 + TNBC.…”

The Characteristics of Tumor Microenvironment in Triple Negative Breast Cancer

“…Among all breast cancer subtypes, PD-L1 accounts for 20-50%, and its expression rate in TNBC is relatively high. 148,150,[153][154][155] PD-L1 positivity in immune cells correlates with a favorable prognosis [156][157][158] Stovgaard et al 2021 found that PD-L1 expression was associated with improved survival, perhaps due to the more active immune response of lymphocytes with high PD-L1 expression in the TNBC microenvironment. 159 The pathological complete response rate of TNBC patients with high PD-L1 expression was as high as 44.4%, while that of TNBC patients without PD-L1 positive immune cells was 2.6%.…”

“…showing a significant effect in the treatment of TNBC. 148,150,153,154,165,166 Discussion TNBC is the most aggressive and metastatic subtype of breast cancer with high intrinsic heterogeneity. The lack of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER-2 expression means that there are few targeted drugs available to patients with TNBC.…”

“…The combination of two different classes of antibody drugs overcame the immunosuppressive effect of tumor tissues and transformed the immunosuppressive condition of the tumor microenvironment into a matrix environment with anticancer function, showing a significant effect in the treatment of TNBC. 148 , 150 , 153 , 154 , 165 , 166 …”

Extracellular Vesicles: The Landscape in the Progression, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

“…TNBC is a potential protagonist of immunotherapy in BC manifested by diverse immune signatures with abundant tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, multifaceted functional immune factors, and immunosuppressive surveillance ( Razazan and Behravan, 2020 ). EVs function as significant mediators of immune regulation in cancer.…”