Single mothers by choice in Spain: Parenting and psychosocial adjustment in adopted and ART children.

Abstract

This study explores the effects of family structure (single mother by choice/partnered mother), pathway to motherhood (adoption/assisted reproduction techniques or ART), and parenting style on children's psychological adjustment and social competence. Ninety-eight families participated: 45 single mothers by choice (29 adoptive, 16 by ART); and 53 partnered mothers (27 adoptive, 26 by ART). Ninety-eight children were evaluated (Age = 5.36) by their teachers. As regards family structure, children of single mothers by choice (both adopted and conceived by ART) showed good psychological adjustment and good social competence. No significant differences were observed between them and those living with two parents when all were conceived by ART. However, children adopted by single mothers had higher hyperactivity and lower self-control than those living with two adoptive parents. No differences were observed in terms of nurturing parenting style, either between single and partnered mothers, or between adoptive and ART mothers. The nurturing parenting style significantly predicted better psychological adjustment and social competence among children. The results are discussed in connection with the debate regarding the effect of structure versus family processes on children's psychosocial adjustment. The implications for interventions with single mothers by choice are also explored.

Lesbian and heterosexual Spanish and Swedish couples: Division of labor and life‐satisfaction

“…Andalusian mothers with different-sex partners were recruited through different pathways. First, we contacted 35 mothers who had taken part in a previous study (Díez et al, 2021), although only 11 of these agreed to participate. Consequently, we decided to use to a nonprobabilistic snowball sampling method, using those mothers who had already agreed to participate as our starting point.…”

Orientasi Happiness pada Single Mother dalam merawat dan mendidik anak

“…Terjadinya perceraian, kematian pasangan (suami atau isteri) adalah salah satu penyebab terjadinya single mother. Menjadi ibu tunggal tentu bukanlah pilihan dari seorang ibu, akan tetapi takdir dan keadaan yang pada akhirnya menentukan bagaimana kita menjalankan kehidupan di dunia ini (Bauman, 2002;Beeber et al, 2008;Diez et al, 2021;Rotramel, 2021;Tsz-lok Lee, 2022;Zhang, 2022).…”

“…Ibu dengan status single mother yang bercerai (baik cerai mati maupun cerai hidup) cenderung berpikir negatif tentang dirinya dan merasa dirinya kurang berharga. Pada sisi lainnya, anak-anak yang dibesarkan oleh ibu tunggal memiliki resiko tinggi mengalami penyalahgunaan zat, depresi, cemas, dan penyimpangan perilaku (Diez et al, 2021).…”

“…Dari beberapa hasil penelitian di atas (Angin, 2019;Dewi, 2017;Diez et al, 2021), penelitian ini berupaya ingin mengungkapkan bagaimana sebenarnya orientasi happiness atau kebahagiaan dari seorang ibu dengan status single mother. Penelitian seperti ini masih sangat terbatas jumlahnya, sehingga atas dasar hal tersebut peneliti berusaha mengungkap lebih mendalam orientasi happiness dari seorang ibu yang berstatus orang tua tunggal.…”

Parental Burnout in the Context of Special Needs, Adoption, and Single Parenthood

“…The cumulative effect of two different vulnerability factors has been considered in previous studies. For example, whereas Shireman [32] concluded that the cumulative effect between single motherhood and having adopted a child was a myth, Díez, González [33] reported an interactive effect of these two factors on children's psychosocial adjustment and social competence. The stress of single mothers was also seen as the result of a certain number of stressors occurring in combination, namely having a child with special needs [30].…”