Single-leg vertical jump test as a functional test after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Lee, Dhong Won; Yang, Sang Jin; Cho, Seung Ik; Lee, Jung Ho; Kim, Jin Goo

doi:10.1016/j.knee.2018.07.014

Cited by 44 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Functional performance testing included the single-leg vertical jump, single-leg hop for distance, and carioca tests based on previous research. 19,29,31,39 All measurements were first recorded on the unaffected side, followed by the affected side, and the limb symmetry index was calculated by dividing the values obtained on the affected side by those obtained on the unaffected side and multiplying the result by 100. All tests were assessed by an author (D.W.L.)…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Anterolateral Ligament Healing After Anatomic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Lee

Kim

et al. 2020

Am J Sports Med

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Background: Few studies have reported the healing process of anterolateral ligament (ALL) injuries. Purpose/Hypothesis: This study investigated the healing status of ALL injuries after primary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR). Additionally, we investigated the association between the healing status of ALL injuries and associated lesions such as osseous lesions and meniscal tears occurring at the time of an ACL rupture. We hypothesized that acute ALL injuries show a high rate (more than two-thirds) of healing at the 1-year follow-up after ACLR and that concomitant lesions observed at the time of an ACL rupture affect the healing status of the ALL. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: We retrospectively investigated patients with ALL injuries who underwent primary ACLR between March 2015 and February 2017. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we evaluated the features of ALL injuries and concomitant lesions, and MRI was performed at the 1-year follow-up to assess the healing status of the ALL. We investigated the association between the healing status of the ALL and concomitant lesions observed at the time of an ACL rupture. A subjective assessment was performed using the Lysholm score, International Knee Documentation Committee subjective score, and Tegner activity scale. Objective tests included an isokinetic strength assessment and functional performance testing. Results: With respect to the severity of ALL injuries, of 54 patients, a complete rupture occurred in 16 (29.6%) of the 54 patients and a partial rupture in 38 (70%). A significant association was observed between the severity of ALL injuries and bone contusions (lateral tibial plateau and medial tibial plateau [MTP]) and meniscus ramp lesions (Fisher exact test: P = .023, .012, and .023, respectively). Good and partial healing of the ALL occurred in 16 (29.6%) and 23 (42.6%) of 54 patients, respectively. Scar formation occurred in 12 (22.2%), and nonvisualization of the ALL was observed in 3 (5.6%) of 54 patients. Poor healing of the ALL was associated with preoperative MTP bone contusions and a high-grade pivot shift. Multivariate analysis showed that an MTP bone contusion was an independent risk factor associated with poor healing of the ALL. Among the functional tests performed, significant differences were observed between the good and poor healing groups with respect to the carioca test ( P = .039). The good healing group (n = 16) showed a negative pivot shift at the last follow-up, whereas 5 (13.2%) of the patients from the poor healing group (n = 38) showed a positive pivot shift, including 2 (5.3%) with a high-grade pivot shift. Conclusion: Approximately 70% of acute ALL injuries showed poor healing at the 1-year follow-up. Poor healing of ALL injuries was significantly associated with preoperative MTP bone contusions and a high-grade pivot shift. Therefore, a careful assessment of posteromedial bone contusions at the time of an ACL rupture is warranted, particularly in patients with a high-grade pivot shift.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Anterolateral Ligament Healing After Anatomic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Lee

Kim

et al. 2020

Am J Sports Med

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“…Without the horizontal movement of the athlete’s COM, extra neuromuscular control to retain balance is minimized as the athlete can focus on producing peak anaerobic power in the vertical jump. 15 , 20 , 21 Resulting from this strong association of the SLVJ and the Keiser, the SLVJ can be used to estimate explosive leg power in a clinical setting. In fact, one study found police recruits with the lowest vertical jump in their cohort had a 37% absolute increase (or a three-fold relative increase) in risk of injury.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The goal of the SLVJ was to jump from one foot as high as possible and land on the Just Jump Mat with the same foot. 15 Prior to starting, the Just Jump mat was positioned on the ground, and the participant was instructed to stand on the Just Jump mat, jump from one leg, and land on the mat with the same leg ( Figure 2 ). Balance was not necessary for this test, and they were told they could swing their arms freely as each jump was recorded.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Different Functional Tests for Leg Power and Normative Bilateral Asymmetry Index in Healthy Collegiate Athletes

Sullivan

Fleet

Brooks

et al. 2021

OAJSM

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Background Bilateral leg power is being increasingly investigated as a proxy for the recovery of muscle performance after injury. Functional tests like the single leg hop for distance (SLHD) and single leg vertical jump (SLVJ) are often used to determine symmetry and return to play (RTP) readiness. As an injury predictor, leg power is accurately measured with the Keiser Air420 seated leg press. Purpose To measure and analyze lower leg asymmetry in healthy collegiate athletes across each test battery. Methods Eighty-eight healthy student-athletes (44 males, 44 females) across 14 varsity teams at Wake Forest University performed the SLHD, SLVJ, and the Keiser. Horizontal and vertical displacement were measured via the SLHD and SLVJ, respectively. Peak power was recorded via the Keiser Air420 leg press. Pearson correlations and repeated measures ANOVA were used to calculate associations and compare bilateral asymmetry indices (BAI) and raw scores. Results There was a significant effect on each test’s raw BAI ( P < 0.01). The mean absolute BAI were 5.42 ± 4.9%, 6.64 ± 4.9% and 5.36 ± 4.7% for the SLHD, SLVJ and Keiser, respectively. The SLVJ and Keiser (dominant leg r = 0.832, nondominant leg r = 0.826) were more highly correlated than the SLHD and Keiser (dominant leg r = 0.645, nondominant leg r = 0.687), all of which were statistically significant ( P < 0.01). Conclusion At the 90th percentile, healthy collegiate athletes attained <15% BAI. We recommend the implementation of a battery of tests to determine normative lower limb asymmetry. A battery of functional tests may present different asymmetry indices as opposed the 10% reference asymmetry.

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“…9,12 Recently, the single-leg vertical jump test has been shown to correlate with subjective International Knee Documentation Committee scores, Tegner activity scale, ACL-Return to Sport After Injury scale, isokinetic extensor muscle strength, and other functional tests, potentially making it a convenient test for return to sport. 6 Also, the combination of multiple tests, including single-limb functional tests, has been shown to be more beneficial than standard hop and isokinetic strength testing for return to sports. 4,15 Our study suggests that a simple single-leg dip test (as well as a single-leg hop and vertical tuck jump) could have discriminatory validity between passing and failing the overall PTC test, but further evaluation into each of these would be required to detail their ability to discriminate between someone who should be passing (a control) and those who have not fully recovered from surgery.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The risk of recurrent injury and altered neuromuscular control, as it affects postural stability of the hip and knee during a dynamic function, has been demonstrated in previous study 10 of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) surgery. Moreover, there is evidence that an age-related association between neuromuscular training implementation and a reduction of ACL tearing incidence exists, but there are limited studies 4,[6][7][8][9]12,13,15 that have been validated with reliability testing. Other functional tests to assess lower extremity health have been explored in isolation, and these assessments may also be predictive of injuries.…”

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confidence: 99%

Interrater and Intrarater Reliability and Discriminant Validity of a Pediatric Lower Extremity Physical Therapy Clearance Test

Ellington

Randich

Garfin

et al. 2021

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine

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Background: Few studies have validated when an athlete can safely return to sports, and even fewer have identified when he or she no longer requires physical therapy after surgery. Discontinuing physical therapy is often dictated by insurance restrictions, but most studies have suggested that the decision should be multifactorial, stemming from patient-derived subjective outcome questionnaires, clinical examination, and isokinetic and functional testing. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to establish discriminant validity and reliability of an objective physical therapy clearance (PTC) test in a clinical setting. The hypotheses were that the PTC test (1) will demonstrate different scores between normal and postoperative cohorts and (2) will have acceptable inter- and intraobserver reliability. Study Design: Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Four cohorts (27 total participants; age range, 12-18 years) underwent the PTC test: 9 adolescents 6 months after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, 4 adolescents 6 weeks after partial meniscectomy, 5 adolescents with nonstructural knee pain, and 9 control/healthy participants without any lower extremity complaint. The PTC test included a dynamic warm-up, objective measures (knee range of motion, thigh girth, and muscle motor tone), functional strength tests (heel raises, single-leg dips, hop tests, tuck jumps), and agility tests (shuffle and sprint T-test). Each testing session was videotaped and scored live by the physical therapist administering the test, and then scored via the video recording by an independent physical therapist and 2 orthopaedic surgeons. Results: The PTC test was found to have discriminant validity between the control cohort and both cohorts with previous surgery. The single-leg dip, single-leg hop, and vertical tuck jump were the most discriminatory components. The PTC test had moderate to almost perfect intrarater reliability (κ = 0.57-1), but only fair to moderate interrater reliability among video graders (κ = 0.29-0.58) and slight to substantial reliability between video graders and the live PT rater (κ = 0.19-0.63). Conclusion: The PTC test was found to have moderate inter- and intraobserver agreement, with the ability to discriminate between postoperative and control patients.

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Single-leg vertical jump test as a functional test after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Cited by 44 publications

References 52 publications

Evaluation of Anterolateral Ligament Healing After Anatomic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Evaluation of Anterolateral Ligament Healing After Anatomic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Comparison of Different Functional Tests for Leg Power and Normative Bilateral Asymmetry Index in Healthy Collegiate Athletes

Interrater and Intrarater Reliability and Discriminant Validity of a Pediatric Lower Extremity Physical Therapy Clearance Test

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