Single-frequency YAG:Nd<sup>3+</sup>laser with passive<i>Q</i>switching

Arumov, G P; Bukharov, A Yu; Nekhaenko, V A; Першин, С. М.

doi:10.1070/qe1987v017n07abeh009457

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“…Thus the foundations have been laid for determination of the elemental composition of analyte objects without using certified samples [4,5], although the latter have maintained their role in validation of LIBS methods and also in cases involving analysis of samples of rather complex composition. The correctness of the results obtained by LIBS in the standard-free variant can be ensured, in the absence of matrix effects, when stoichiometry is satisfied in the composition of the plasma and the test object, which is possible when the power density of the laser radiation is at a level higher than 1 GW/cm 2 .In order to improve the sensitivity of LIBS, "dual" laser pulses are used [6,7], i.e., a second laser pulse is applied to the ablation plume with a certain time delay, which excites the material vaporized by the precursor in the relatively rarefied state of the vapor/gas atmosphere; in this case, robustness of the discharge is increased, re-absorption of the spectral lines is reduced.LIBS is a very promising method for solving practical problems in many areas of science and technology: quality control for industrial production, the composition of construction materials, and the reliability of structures, …”

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“…In order to improve the sensitivity of LIBS, "dual" laser pulses are used [6,7], i.e., a second laser pulse is applied to the ablation plume with a certain time delay, which excites the material vaporized by the precursor in the relatively rarefied state of the vapor/gas atmosphere; in this case, robustness of the discharge is increased, re-absorption of the spectral lines is reduced.…”

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Determination of carbon in soil by laser spectral analysis

et al. 2008

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We have used a combination laser/electrospark method for fast determination of carbon content in soil. Excitation of the spectra is carried out both directly in a laser ablation plume and when a pulsed electric discharge is applied to it. We have plotted a calibration curve that is linear for the major concentration range of practical importance for the analyte element, all the way up to 8.6%. The carbon detection limit for the combination discharge approach is 0.07%. We have analyzed the ratio of the nitrogen and carbon contents, and also the hydrogen and carbon contents as a function of the carbon concentration in the studied soils samples.Description of the Method. The laser spectral analysis method (LIBS, laser-induced breakdown spectrometry) essentially involves exposure of the analyte sample to a focused high-power laser radiation flux, ablation of the sample material and formation of a plasma plume, the luminescence spectrum of which is recorded by a detector and processed by a measurement system [1][2][3]. Generally the amount of the material entering the plasma plume is fractions of a microgram, so LIBS is actually considered a nondestructive method.Broad development and application of LIBS began as a result of technical upgrade and expansion of production of high-power laser radiation sources based on yttrium aluminum garnet operating in the frequency regime. An important role was played by development of semiconductor 2-D array optical signal detectors, systems for data accumulation and processing, and optical instruments with high spectral resolution. Expansion of the area of application of LIBS is also due to more thorough study of the laser plasma itself: methods have been refined for determining the electron concentration and temperature of the plasma plume, self-absorption of emission spectral lines, the presence of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE). Thus the foundations have been laid for determination of the elemental composition of analyte objects without using certified samples [4,5], although the latter have maintained their role in validation of LIBS methods and also in cases involving analysis of samples of rather complex composition. The correctness of the results obtained by LIBS in the standard-free variant can be ensured, in the absence of matrix effects, when stoichiometry is satisfied in the composition of the plasma and the test object, which is possible when the power density of the laser radiation is at a level higher than 1 GW/cm 2 .In order to improve the sensitivity of LIBS, "dual" laser pulses are used [6,7], i.e., a second laser pulse is applied to the ablation plume with a certain time delay, which excites the material vaporized by the precursor in the relatively rarefied state of the vapor/gas atmosphere; in this case, robustness of the discharge is increased, re-absorption of the spectral lines is reduced.LIBS is a very promising method for solving practical problems in many areas of science and technology: quality control for industrial production, the composition of c...

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Determination of carbon in soil by laser spectral analysis

et al. 2008

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“…Obviously, enhancement of the spectrum as a whole, including the intensities of the line for the analyte element, might be achieved using dual laser pulses [10,11]. In this case, the first pulse creates an expanding plasma plume, to which the laser flux of the second laser pulse is applied.…”

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Optimization of conditions for spectral determination of chlorine content in cement-based materials

2007

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A combination laser/electrospark method is used for fast determination of chlorine in cement-based materials. Excitation of the spectra is carried out both directly in an ablation plume and when a pulsed electric discharge is applied to it. In both cases, we obtain calibration curves that are linear for the major concentration range of practical importance for the analyte element, up to 1.5%. The chlorine detection limit for the combination discharge approach is 0.05%. We consider the basic steps and characteristic features of the proposed experimental procedures. Introduction and Background.Local chloride corrosion of the metal is the major reason for accidental damage to concrete structures due to cracking and breaking of the high-strength steel reinforcement [1][2][3]. In this case, elevated and accelerated corrosion of the reinforcement is generally connected specifically with the presence in the concrete matrix of chlorides at a concentration greater than the standard 2 wt.%. As we known, additives are widely used routinely in concrete work to accelerate hardening of the concrete: CaCl 2 , NaCl, FeCl 3 , HCl, etc., often without strict limits. Furthermore, the technology for adding more significant amounts (up to 20 wt.%) of chloride salts, with the aim of obtaining cement mortars that do not freeze at negative temperatures, clearly has negative long-term consequences due to rapid corrosion of the reinforcement and weakening of the concrete matrix as a whole. An especially acute problem is the long-term stability of concrete roadway surfacing, bridge structures etc. that are exposed to the weather, artificial irrigation, and snow-cover reduction by application of salt mine tailings. Ultimately, the additional accumulation of chlorides leads to an increasing effect of the chlorides on the quality of the structures. So development of methods for monitoring the initial content and accumulation of chlorides in objects of the construction industry is an important problem in the national economy.Until the last decade, determination of chlorine in construction materials and structures based on cement was done by relatively labor-intensive chemical methods involving mechanical sampling, preparation of the sample as required, and dissolution of the analyte material. When appropriate equipment is available, the analytical procedures might be carried out using reliably developed variants of spectral analysis, although chlorine is an element that is difficult to determine by spectrometry.Sporadic work has been done to date on determination of chlorine in lime/cement mortar and concrete by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) [4][5][6]. Incidentally, determination of chlorine and other halogens (fluorine, bromine) by the LIBS method has been tested on solid organic compounds, which makes it possible to identify these materials [7]. In [8], the prospects are noted for using LIBS for environmental monitoring of air composition for fluorine, chlorine, sulfur, and carbon content. Along with providing sensitivity of th...

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Efficient passivelyQ-switched single-frequency YAG:Nd³⁺laser with polarized coupling out of radiation

Mikheev¹,

Maleev²,

Mogileva³

1992

Sov. J. Quantum Electron.

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Single-frequency YAG:Nd³⁺laser with passiveQswitching

Cited by 3 publications

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Determination of carbon in soil by laser spectral analysis

Determination of carbon in soil by laser spectral analysis

Optimization of conditions for spectral determination of chlorine content in cement-based materials

Efficient passivelyQ-switched single-frequency YAG:Nd³⁺laser with polarized coupling out of radiation

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Single-frequency YAG:Nd3+laser with passiveQswitching

Cited by 3 publications

References 1 publication

Determination of carbon in soil by laser spectral analysis

Determination of carbon in soil by laser spectral analysis

Optimization of conditions for spectral determination of chlorine content in cement-based materials

Efficient passivelyQ-switched single-frequency YAG:Nd3+laser with polarized coupling out of radiation

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Product

Resources

About

Single-frequency YAG:Nd³⁺laser with passiveQswitching

Efficient passivelyQ-switched single-frequency YAG:Nd³⁺laser with polarized coupling out of radiation