“…156,363 Furthermore, the electrochemical/photoelectrochemical properties of NMHSs are frequently studied using techniques such as differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) 94,152 and cyclic voltammetry (CV), 154,225,280,364−366 often in conjunction with customizable illumination sources. The elucidation of charge separation and recombination in nanomaterials, as well as charge transfer at material-cell interfaces, is primarily achieved through techniques such as photoluminescence and time-resolved photoluminescence (PL/TRPL) spectroscopy, 32,38,133,137,167,172,189 transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy, 122,133,144,169,230 scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), 280,367 scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and synchrotron X-ray radiation techniques. 150,170 Additionally, analytical methods like high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), 152,279 mass spectrometry (MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) are available for the identification of unknown species in the reaction system, particularly those with suspected biological or electrochemical effects, such as energy carriers.…”