Single and multi-step carboxymethylation of water yam (Dioscorea alata) starch: Synthesis and characterization

Synthesis, characterization and functional properties of low substituted acetylated corn starch

“…With the pH increasing, it is more accessible to promote the NaOH permeating through between amorphous and crystalline regions and disrupting the hydrogen bonds between molecules. It is also to facilitate diffusion and penetration of the esterifying agent to the starch granular structure [33]. When the pH further increases, the starch granule gelatinizes easily and the contact between starch and AA is inhibited by the formation of gelatinization layer.…”

“…With the DS increasing, the paste viscosity of ACS increases. It can be interpreted that the steric repulsion of acetyl groups could facilitate the starch molecules tending to exist in a more expanded state; thus occupying more space for gyration and exhibiting higher viscosity [33].…”

“…At higher V H 2 O /m St ratio, the DS and RE decrease slowly and become constant[31]. Higher V H 2 O /m St ratio could bring about some side reactions such as the hydrolysis of ACS, Which can result in a backward shift of the chemical equilibrium[33].…”

Effect of rice variety on the physicochemical properties of the modified rice powders and their derived mucoadhesive gels

“…Therefore, modification of rice starch based on physical, chemical, and biological reactions has been suggested to solve this problem (18). In the present study, chemical modification based on carboxymethylated etherification was used because the modified starches obtained from this etherification reaction were reported to cover a wide range of applications including pharmaceutical and biomedical fields (19). The color of the obtained modified rice powders of the four varieties was off-white while that of the color of the original raw rice powders was pure white.…”

Effect of Agitation in Alkalization Process on the Characteristics of Sodium Carboxymethyl Sago and Cassava Starches

“…The Nacarboxymethyl starch can be produced by the reaction between native starch and sodium monochloroacetate (SMCA) by induction of NaOH [7]. Alkalization stage uses a strong base which converts an activated starch hydroxyl group and transforms it into a more reactive form of alkoxide (St-O-) [3].…”