Single and combined effects of ammonia and nitrite on common carp, Cyprinus carpio: Toxicity, hematological parameters, antioxidant defenses, acetylcholinesterase, and acid phosphatase activities

Acute Nitrite Exposure Induces Dysfunction and Oxidative Damage in Grass Carp Isolated Hemocytes

“…Although the level of MDA decreased with extended exposure times, the level was higher than that of the control group. The serum MDA level of nitrite-exposed Common Carp was significantly higher than that in the control group (Molayemraftar et al 2022), and MDA levels in Yellow Catfish exposed to 30-mg/L nitrite were significantly higher than those in the control group (Zhang et al 2020). Similarly, it was reported that hepatic MDA levels increased significantly when Wuchang Bream were exposed to 15-mg/L nitrite for 24 h and when Zebrafish were exposed to 20-mg/L nitrite for 30 d (Long et al 2017;Lin et al 2018a).…”

“…The decrease in TAC may be the result of antioxidant depletion in the antioxidant defense system during the oxidative process of inhibiting free radicals, such as ROS (Molayemraftar et al. 2022). Catalase and SOD play a critical part in the antioxidant defense system against oxidative stress (Pandey et al.…”

“…The serum MDA level of nitrite‐exposed Common Carp was significantly higher than that in the control group (Molayemraftar et al. 2022), and MDA levels in Yellow Catfish exposed to 30‐mg/L nitrite were significantly higher than those in the control group (Zhang et al. 2020).…”

“…Our results imply that after exposure to 100-mg/L nitrite for 12 h or more, the antioxidant capability in blood cells will be decreased significantly. The decrease in TAC may be the result of antioxidant depletion in the antioxidant defense system during the oxidative process of inhibiting free radicals, such as ROS (Molayemraftar et al 2022). Catalase and SOD play a critical part in the antioxidant defense system against oxidative stress (Pandey et al 2003).…”

“…The reduction in Hb level is the result of methemoglobinemia that is caused by nitrite (Jensen 2003;Das et al 2004). Molayemraftar et al (2022) reported that amounts of both RBCs and Hb were significantly reduced in Common Carp Cyprinus carpio after exposure to ammonia and nitrite. Gill dysfunction and impaired osmoregulation in fish affect RBC formation and organization as well as hemolytic substances (Knudsen and Jensen 1997; Hoseini et al 2019).…”