Since when have humans had a soul?

Abstract

An attempt is made to determine when humans have had a soul. For this purpose, mind and soul are distinguished from each other. This clarification of terms makes it possible to criticise the emergentist view, which assumes that the soul arises naturally from the biological organism. The existence of a soul is inferred from the mental activities of humans, which are directed towards the transcendent. Special significance is given to burials. Burials have been practised for at least 448 000 years. Not only Homo sapiens, but also Homo naledi, Homo heidelbergensis steinheimensis and Homo neanderthalensis buried their dead. Therefore, there is good reason to assume that Homo heidelbergensis and all its descendants possessed (and still possess) a soul. Moreover, one can suppose that Homo erectus and Homo naledi also possessed a soul.Contribution: The clear distinction between the immanent mind and the transcendent soul makes us aware that we humans are beings equally at home in immanence and transcendence. Humans have possessed a soul for a very long time, and not only Homo sapiens but also his ancestors and related species.

The significance of freedom in God’s plan

“…In contrast, May (2022), by analysing palaeoanthropological research results, comes to the conclusion that Homo heidelbergensis and all its descendants -that is, H. sapiens, Denisovans and H. neanderthalensis -already possessed or possess a soul. It is therefore reasonable to assume that the humans who committed the Adamic Fall belonged to the species H. heidelbergensis or perhaps even to its ancestor, the even older species Homo erectus ergaster.…”

Perspectives on music and evolution

“…[…] Adding to this picture, the modern variant of the FOXP2 gene, which is, among a multitude of other functions […], linked to a normative development of language, has been shown to be present in both Neanderthals and Denisovans and therefore seems to date back to at least their last common ancestor with the lineage toward anatomically modern humans'. See also May (2022).…”

“You will be like God” - the fall of man once and today

“…Homo sapiens, the so-called "Denisovans" and Homo neanderthalensis -already possessed or possess a soul. 29 It is therefore reasonable to assume that the humans who committed the Fall belonged to the species Homo heidelbergensis or perhaps even its ancestor, the even older species Homo erectus ergaster. Although Hercehas a different line of reasoning, he comes to similar conclusions.…”