Sinapic Acid and Its Derivatives as Medicine in Oxidative Stress-Induced Diseases and Aging

Abstract

Sinapic acid (3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid) is an orally bioavailable phytochemical, extensively found in spices, citrus and berry fruits, vegetables, cereals, and oilseed crops and is known to exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimutagenic, antiglycemic, neuroprotective, and antibacterial activities. The literature reveals that sinapic acid is a bioactive phenolic acid and has the potential to attenuate various chemically induced toxicities. This minireview is an effort to summarize the available literature about pharmacokinetic, therapeutic, and protective potential of this versatile molecule in health related areas.

Canolol Dimer, a Biologically Active Phenolic Compound of Edible Rapeseed Oil

“…Furthermore, when it comes to possible application of canolol and its dimer as exogenous antioxidants, which could retrieve disturbed equilibrium between the antioxidants‐ROS ratio in the human body and, therefore, have a positive effect on progression of various oxidative stress‐related diseases, more extensive studies are required to determine the plasma concentration of those compounds, their bioavailability and metabolism, because their efficiency in vivo could not be simply extrapolated from their in vitro activities. For example, it is known that after human consumption of a nonprocessed cereal meal, sinapic acid is taken up in the body only up to 3% of the total phenolic content of the meal (Kern et al, ) and that human small intestinal epithelium plays a significant role in metabolism and bioavailability of sinapic acid and its derivative, which are susceptible to metabolic reactions of Phase I and Phase II (Chen, ). Also, it is reported that decarboxylation of hydroxycinnamates into 4‐vinyl derivatives by gut bacteria occurs (Nićiforović and Abramovič, ), therefore microbial decarboxylation of sinapic acid in the colon maybe presumed, and formation of canolol in the body can occur, meaning that such a fact must be taken into account when determining safe dose for humans, whether as functional food or therapeutics.…”

Targeted metabolite profiling to gain chemometric insight into Indian pomegranate cultivars and elite germplasm

“…It thus appears that wild types show a peculiar polyphenolic profile, which is distinctly different from commercial types. Sinapic acid is known to exhibit anticancerous, antiglycemic, and neuro‐protective activities that have the potential to attenuate various chemically induced toxicities . Ellagic acid is known for neuro‐protective effects and has been shown to be beneficial in the treatment of Parkinson's disease .…”

“…Among these, punicalagin, anthocyanins, and ellagic acid are some of the most important compounds responsible for the anti‐inflammatory activity and antimicrobial activity in pomegranate juice. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated beneficial effects of pomegranate‐juice consumption in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and neuro‐degeneration …”

The protective effect of sinapic acid in osteoarthritis: In vitro and in vivo studies

“…Sinapic acid (SA) is widely found in spices, fruits, vegetables, cereals and oilseed crops . It has been reported that SA has various biological functions such as antimicrobial, anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant as well as anti‐anxiety effects . Previous studies discovered that SA could inhibit lipopolysaccharide‐induced inflammation through NF‐κB inactivation in vascular endothelial cells .…”

“…16 It has been reported that SA has various biological functions such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant as well as anti-anxiety effects. 17,18 Previous studies discovered that SA could inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation through NF-κB inactivation in vascular endothelial cells. 19 Meanwhile, SA reduced the production of PGE2, IL-1β, TNF-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 in RAW 264.7 macrophages.…”