Sinai Tschulok (1875–1945)—a pioneer of Cladistics

Rieppel, Olivier

doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009.00274.x

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…In the process, different organs evolve at different rates, which in turn gives rise to the "mixing" of specializations, the heterobathmy of characters also sometimes referred to as mosaic evolution (DeBeer, 1954;Werth and Shear, 2014). Sinai Tschulok (1875Tschulok ( -1945, a pioneer of phylogenetic systematics (Rieppel, 2010), was keenly aware of conflicting character distribution, which he called the "transgression" of characters (Tschulok, 1922: 147). His proposal to untangle phylogenetic relationships in the face of such transgression of characters was: "the conditio sine qua non for the reconstruction of phylogenetic trees is the distinction of the primitive and derived condition of form" (Tschulok, 1922: 197).…”

Section: Ancestors Vs Sister-groupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Living fossils” and the mosaic evolution of characters

Rieppel

2023

Front. Ecol. Evol.

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The modern discussion of living fossils turns mostly on the persistence of archaic, or ancestral, traits in extant organisms. Prime examples mentioned by Darwin already—who also coined the term “living fossil”—include the platypus and the extant lungfishes. However, the identification of archaic traits in extant organisms requires a basis of comparison, i.e., it requires an estimate of the phylogenetic interrelationships of the living fossil in question. Phylogenetic relationships are determined not on the basis of the persistence of archaic traits, but on the basis of shared derived characters. The identification of persistent traits in an organism requires the same organism to also exhibit advanced, or specialized traits that allow its proper classification. The occurrence of such a mixture of primitive (plesiomorphic) or derived (apomorphic) traits in an organism, or species, is called the heterobathmy of characters. Willi Hennig recognized the heterobathmy of characters as quite a universal phenomenon, and made it the basis of his phylogenetic systematics.

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Section: Ancestors Vs Sister-groupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Living fossils” and the mosaic evolution of characters

Rieppel

2023

Front. Ecol. Evol.

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“…The importance of parsing homologous characters into those that denoted unique common ancestry and those that denoted more ancient common ancestry was recognized by several workers in the early half of the twentieth century. Willmann (2003) provides a detailed account of the early development of phylogenetics and points out many of the contributions of Hennig's predecessors such as Sinai Tschulok, who provided criteria for parsing primitive and derived characters and the idea that it was the characters that are primitive and derived and not the whole organism (see Willmann 2003 andRieppel 2010, for discussions of Tschulok's contributions). But it was Hennig who melded these concepts and brought them to a wider audience.…”

Section: The Phylogenetics Revolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why Trees Are Important

Wiley

2010

Evo Edu Outreach

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The Tree of Life is the result of the interplay of changes in information and speciation. Almost 100 years after publication of Darwin's Origin, the inception of Phylogenetic Systematics has resulted in a revolution in data inference. I briefly trace the development of this revolution and show examples of how data are interpreted relative to phylogenetic trees. I then provide brief discussions of how to read tree diagrams and the need to access the quality of phylogenetic inference. Keywords Phylogenetic systematics . Phylogenetic trees . CladisticsAs a first principle, we adopt the Darwinian idea that all life is related. Life is diverse, being composed of many species, not one. So while there may have been only one line of descent initially, there are now many lines of descent, many "families" reproducing through time. This means that evolution is not simply "change through time," although it certainly is that; it means, minimally, that speciation is also occurring such that lines of descent are divided by various processes into two or more lines of descent which can then follow their own, independent, evolutionary pathways. I say minimally because speciation mechanisms are diverse, sometimes two lineages found a third through other mechanisms, or one lineage spins off a new lineage through other processes. So we can conceive of the Tree of Life in nature as a diverging hierarchy of lineages composed of one or more populations with a few too many individual organisms, with most of the divergence being caused by the establishment of new lineages through speciation. Thus there are two general processes at work in evolutionary descent. One is change in information; ultimately change in the genetic code and how genes interact during development. When played out over time, this general process is termed "anagenesis" and the mechanisms include natural selection, sexual selection, and genetic drift operating on single evolving lineages. The other general process is speciation, the origin of new species. Although speciation can take many forms (various modes of speciation), these forms involve the establishment of two or more lineages where only a single lineage existed before: an ancestral species gives rise to daughter species through lineage splitting. This lineage splitting has been called "cladogenesis" and this is the origin of the term "cladist."Over the past 40 or so years, a revolution has occurred in the way that many biologists look at data. The revolution is fairly simple but profound. Data are interpreted relative to trees of descent which are the inferred genealogical relationships of entities linked by history. From this perspective, the data are dynamic; information changes through time, and these changes can be studied by following lines of genealogical descent. Trees can depict our hypotheses of the histories of individual organisms, populations, genes, proteins, morphological characters, developmental patterns, species, groups of species, and even areas of the Earth. In short, trees can con...

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“…His own magnum opus on the foundations of the natural system, comparative anatomy and phylogenetics (Remane ), can indeed be seen as an elaboration of Gegebaur's earlier programme. In that same tradition, Remane () was also influenced by Sinai Tschulok (1875–1945; Rieppel ) and Adolf Naef (1927–1949; Reif ; Boletzky ; Breidbach ; Williams and Ebach ; Rieppel ). But Remane's interests expanded to issues of functional anatomy, ecology and biogeography as well as invertebrate systematics, and he earned a place in the history of biology as the discoverer of the interstitial fauna of sandy beaches.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Styles of scientific reasoning: Adolf Remane (1898-1976) and the German evolutionary synthesis

Rieppel

2012

J Zoolog Syst Evol Res

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Adolf Remane is widely considered to have been one of the most influential German zoologists of the 20th Century, yet Ernst Mayr persistently characterized him as an idealistic morphologist, that is, a typologist unable to understand population genetics or indeed Darwinian theory. This stands in sharp contrast to Mayr's praise for Bernhard Rensch as one of the most important German contributors to the Modern Synthesis of evolutionary theory. Remane's style of scientific reasoning is analysed in his writings on microsystematics, ecology, comparative morphology and phylogenetics and found to be highly consistent throughout these varied fields of research, while differing fundamentally from the eminently statistical foundations of both population genetics and natural selection theory that were embraced by Mayr. A comparative analysis of Rensch's understanding of science in general, and biology in particular, shows him to share core values with Remane, both authors rooted in the Mandarin tradition of the German professoriate. Biographical and socio‐political factors appear to have influenced Mayr's contrasting perception of Remane and Rensch, one that would influence later biologists and historians of science.

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Sinai Tschulok (1875–1945)—a pioneer of Cladistics

Cited by 11 publications

References 24 publications

“Living fossils” and the mosaic evolution of characters

“Living fossils” and the mosaic evolution of characters

Why Trees Are Important

Styles of scientific reasoning: Adolf Remane (1898-1976) and the German evolutionary synthesis

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