Simultaneously Occurring Elevated Metabolic States Expose Constraints in Maximal Levels of Oxygen Consumption in the Oviparous SnakeLamprophis fuliginosus

Abstract

African house snakes (Lamprophis fuliginosus) were used to compare the metabolic increments associated with reproduction, digestion, and activity both individually and when combined simultaneously. Rates of oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]) and carbon dioxide production ([Formula: see text]) were measured in adult female (nonreproductive and reproductive) and adult male snakes during rest, digestion, activity while fasting, and postprandial activity. We also compared the endurance time (i.e., time to exhaustion) during activity while fasting and postprandial activity in males and females. For nonreproductive females and males, our results indicate that the metabolic increments of digestion (∼3-6-fold) and activity while fasting (∼6-10-fold) did not interact in an additive fashion; instead, the aerobic scope associated with postprandial activity was 40%-50% lower, and animals reached exhaustion up to 11 min sooner. During reproduction, there was no change in digestive [Formula: see text], but aerobic scope for activity while fasting was 30% lower than nonreproductive values. The prioritization pattern of oxygen delivery exhibited by L. fuliginosus during postprandial activity (in both males and females) and for activity while fasting (in reproductive females) was more constrained than predicted (i.e., instead of unchanged [Formula: see text], peak values were 30%-40% lower). Overall, our results indicate that L. fuliginosus's cardiopulmonary system's capacity for oxygen delivery was not sufficient to maintain the metabolic increments associated with reproduction, digestion, and activity simultaneously without limiting aerobic scope and/or activity performance.

Does reproductive effort influence the metabolic rate of Tomodon dorsatus snakes?

“…Most viviparous snakes are lecithotrophic, which means that during vitellogenesis, the energy and the majority of the organic nutrients are allocated to the follicle for the embryo to use after ovulation and fertilization, while during the gestational period, the placenta provides oxygen, water and some nutrients (Blackburn & Stewart, 2011; Hoffman, 1970; Schultz et al., 2008; Stewart and Brasch 2003; Van Dyke et al., 2014). Moreover, the development of embryos might compress the lungs or other organs (Gilman et al., 2013; Jackson et al., 2015; Munns and Daniels, 2007; Munns, 2013), and the increasing female body mass reduces mobility (Bennett, 1989; Cooper et al., 1990; Finkler et al., 2003; Hailety & Davies, 1986; Jackson et al., 2017), which leads to greater vulnerability to predation and decreased foraging success in some species (Bonnet et al., 2000; Ellis & Chappell, 1987; Finkler et al., 2003).…”