Simultaneously evaluate the toxic levels of fluoride and arsenic species in underground water of Tharparkar and possible contaminant sources: A multivariate study

Arsenic and Fluoride Pollution in Water and Soils

“…Release of soluble As species into groundwater is a serious problem in many areas of the world (Varsanyi et al 1991;Lepkowski 1998;Welch et al 2000;Tian et al 2001;Bhattacharya et al 2002;Nickson et al 2005;Farooqi et al 2006Farooqi et al , 2007Guo et al 2011;Brahman et al 2013). A number of large aquifers in the various parts of the world have been reported with As >50 µg/L.…”

Co-occurrence of arsenic and fluoride in the groundwater of Punjab, Pakistan: source discrimination and health risk assessment

“…Thus, another source of high F − levels in groundwater includes leaching from fluoride-bearing minerals (Shah and Danishwar 2003;Naseem et al 2010;Brahman et al 2014). Weathering, industrial wastes (Siddique et al 2006), agricultural fertilizers, brick production, organic landfills, and the combustion of coal all release fluoride into the air which later reaches the soil with rain (Farooqi et al 2007b;Brahman et al 2013a). …”

“…Factor-5 contributed 8.3 % of the total variance with high loadings of As (r=0.32) and F − (r=0.681). Higher As and F − levels suggested that weathering of local mafic and ultramafic rocks, coal combustion, traffic activity, acid rain, pesticide use, fertilizer, and erosion of arseno-pyrite greatly influenced their release (Khan et al 2012;Brahman et al 2013a). Factor-6 contributed 7.5 % of the total variance with high loadings of pH (r=0.546) and DO (r=0.531) that might have been influenced by weathering of mafic and ultramafic rocks.…”

“…These nations include China, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Ghana, Germany, Senegal, Turkey, Algeria, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Japan, Ethiopia, South Africa, Mexico, New Zealand, Thailand, and Argentina (Rafiq et al 2009). Arsenic and F − in groundwater are common in arid and semi-arid regions of the world (Farooqi et al 2007;Currell et al 2011;Brahman et al 2013aBrahman et al , 2014. Higher As and F − concentrations in water are characterized by a high redox potential and exhibit Na + -HCO 3 -groundwater type (Semedley and Kinniburgh 2002;Pauwels and Ahmad 2007;Kim et al 2012).…”

“…The untreated, harmful run-off from agricultural, industrial, and unconsolidated sediments, and coal combustion and domestic sewage into natural water reservoirs has resulted in drinking water pollution that greatly affects public health (Tariq et al 2008;Majidano et al 2010;Muhammad et al 2010;Azizullah et al 2011;Brahman et al 2013a). In Pakistan, As and F − affected areas include Jamshoro, Sindh (Baig et al 2009a), Manchar Lake, Sindh (Arain et al 2008(Arain et al , 2009, Lahore and Kasur, Punjab (Farooqi et al 2007a, b), Muzaffargarh, Punjab (Nickson et al 2005), Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab (Malana and Khosa 2011) and Tharparkar, Sindh (Brahman et al 2013a, b).…”