“…Poleward moving plasma concentration enhancements (sometimes called “polar cap patches”) [ Davies et al , 2002] are frequently observed in the F region of the polar ionosphere during periods of southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), and are also thought to be associated with bursty reconnection [e.g., Lockwood and Carlson , 1992; Carlson et al , 2002, 2004]. Poleward moving regions of backscatter or enhanced backscatter power, known as “poleward moving radar auroral forms” (PMRAFs), the radar counterpart of “poleward moving auroral forms” (PMAFs), are often also observed and are widely accepted to be another ionospheric signature of FTEs [e.g., Sandholt et al , 1990; Milan et al , 2000; Wild et al , 2001; Moen et al , 1995, 2001a, 2008a; Zhang et al , 2008]. The east‐west motion of these radar auroral forms depends on IMF B y [ Sandholt et al , 1993; Karlson et al , 1996; Moen et al , 1999, 2001b].…”