Simultaneous T₁, T₂, and T_1ρ cardiac magnetic resonance fingerprinting for contrast agent–free myocardial tissue characterization

Abstract

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Simultaneous multi-parametric acquisition and reconstruction techniques in cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: Basic concepts and status of clinical development

“…To date, only proof-of-concept studies exist to demonstrate the clinical potential of applying HD-PROST using an undersampled MR acquisition ( Table 2 ) ( 19 , 25 , 36 , 38 , 39 , 75 , 79 – 82 , 86 , 87 ). Recently, an HD-PROST application which recovers 3D cine, T1, and T2, was tested in phantoms and 10 healthy volunteers and gave comparable results for ejection fraction (EF) as well as highly precise T1 and T2 measurements when compared to standard methods ( 19 ).…”

“…Like PI and CS, LRT methods work best with higher dimensional CMR applications (3D or more) since more redundancy exists at higher dimensions. For this reason, LRT methods have been successfully applied to create joint T1-T2 or T1-T2-cine images (19, 23,39,[79][80][81][82][83][84][85], exploiting the overlap between these contrasts. The adaptive and versatile nature of LRT methods have made them a major focus in the development of SMART (19,23,25,36,38,39,75,[79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86].…”

“…Although each individual image is heavily undersampled, cMRF acquires hundreds of these poor-quality images, so that tissue signal patterns can still be identified and matched to the 'fingerprint' from the dictionary. More recently, cMRF has incorporated CS, LRT or HD-PROST methods into its framework (39,(79)(80)(81)(82)98). LRT methods have been applied to the original cardiacgated and breath-held cMRF technique to acquire multiple 2D T1-T2 slices simultaneously and to acquire joint T2-T2cine images (80,98).…”

“…The traditional cMRF sequence quantifies T1, T2, and proton density (M0) using an ECG-triggered sequence with a breath-hold of 16 heartbeats ( Figure 8 ) ( 22 ). Several variants of the sequence have been added over time, among them modifications for detecting and quantifying T1p, T2*, and fat signal fraction ( 81 , 82 , 95 , 96 ). Other developments include correcting for the confounding factors caused by the radiofrequency field (B1) ( 97 ), incorporating the ability for cMRF to acquire multiple cardiac slices at once ( 80 ), incorporating a 3D free-breathing, non-cardiac gated sequence with an acquisition time of 7 min ( 38 ) and more recently, incorporating a 2D joint T1–T2-cine sequence ( Table 2 ) ( 39 , 98 ).…”

Highlights of the Virtual Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 2022 Scientific Conference: CMR: improving cardiovascular care around the world

“…This involves the development of multi-dimensional, multi-parametric quantitative CMR sequences, which incorporate different types of tissue characterization/function into a single acquisition. This includes a combination of T1 mapping, T2 mapping, T2*, fat fraction, T1rho, cine imaging in 2D or 3D with perhaps free breathing/self-gated acquisition to improve CMR efficiency [ 24 , 25 , 26 ].…”