“…ABS were shown to be formed in the presence of human serum in the following mixture compositions, which were further used to carry out the extraction of PSA: 30 wt% IL or PEG + 12 wt% salt + 10 wt% human serum + 48 wt% water, for systems prepared with phosphate buffer as salt component and 25 wt% IL or PEG + 20 wt% citrate buffer + 10 wt% human serum + 45 wt% water for systems prepared with citrate buffer as salt component. These two mixture compositions were chosen based on the phase diagrams of the respective IL–salt–water or polymer–salt–water ternary systems [ 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ], ensuring a common biphasic point for each set of systems. For each system composition, two ABS were prepared: one with human serum spiked with 25 ng/mL of PSA and another with human serum with 0 ng/mL of PSA, corresponding to the control sample.…”
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the cancer types that most affects males worldwide and is among the highest contributors to cancer mortality rates. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find strategies to improve the diagnosis of PCa. Microtechnologies have been gaining ground in biomedical devices, with microfluidics and lab-on-chip systems potentially revolutionizing medical diagnostics. In this paper, it is shown that prostate-specific antigen (PSA) can be detected through an immunoassay performed in a microbead-based microfluidic device after being extracted and purified from a serum sample through an aqueous biphasic system (ABS). Given their well-established status as ABS components for successful bioseparations, ionic liquids (ILs) and polymers were used in combination with buffered salts. Using both IL-based and polymer-based ABS, it was demonstrated that it is possible to detect PSA in non-physiological environments. It was concluded that the ABS that performed better in extracting the PSA from serum were those composed of tetrabutylammonium chloride ([N4444]Cl) and tetrabutylphosphonium bromide ([P4444]Br), both combined with phosphate buffer, and constituted by polyethylene glycol with a molecular weight of 1000 g/mol (PEG1000) with citrate buffer. In comparison with the assay with PSA prepared in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or human serum in which no ABS-mediated extraction was applied, assays attained lower limits of detection after IL-based ABS-mediated extraction. These results reinforce the potential of this method in future point-of-care (PoC) measurements.
“…ABS were shown to be formed in the presence of human serum in the following mixture compositions, which were further used to carry out the extraction of PSA: 30 wt% IL or PEG + 12 wt% salt + 10 wt% human serum + 48 wt% water, for systems prepared with phosphate buffer as salt component and 25 wt% IL or PEG + 20 wt% citrate buffer + 10 wt% human serum + 45 wt% water for systems prepared with citrate buffer as salt component. These two mixture compositions were chosen based on the phase diagrams of the respective IL–salt–water or polymer–salt–water ternary systems [ 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ], ensuring a common biphasic point for each set of systems. For each system composition, two ABS were prepared: one with human serum spiked with 25 ng/mL of PSA and another with human serum with 0 ng/mL of PSA, corresponding to the control sample.…”
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the cancer types that most affects males worldwide and is among the highest contributors to cancer mortality rates. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find strategies to improve the diagnosis of PCa. Microtechnologies have been gaining ground in biomedical devices, with microfluidics and lab-on-chip systems potentially revolutionizing medical diagnostics. In this paper, it is shown that prostate-specific antigen (PSA) can be detected through an immunoassay performed in a microbead-based microfluidic device after being extracted and purified from a serum sample through an aqueous biphasic system (ABS). Given their well-established status as ABS components for successful bioseparations, ionic liquids (ILs) and polymers were used in combination with buffered salts. Using both IL-based and polymer-based ABS, it was demonstrated that it is possible to detect PSA in non-physiological environments. It was concluded that the ABS that performed better in extracting the PSA from serum were those composed of tetrabutylammonium chloride ([N4444]Cl) and tetrabutylphosphonium bromide ([P4444]Br), both combined with phosphate buffer, and constituted by polyethylene glycol with a molecular weight of 1000 g/mol (PEG1000) with citrate buffer. In comparison with the assay with PSA prepared in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or human serum in which no ABS-mediated extraction was applied, assays attained lower limits of detection after IL-based ABS-mediated extraction. These results reinforce the potential of this method in future point-of-care (PoC) measurements.
“…Enzymatic hydrolysis is the most commonly used method, as it allows for the production of specific peptides with targeted biological activities. However, the process may result in structural and nutritional changes in the peptides and potential allergenicity [ 281 , 282 ].…”
Section: Bioactive Peptides Derived From Egg Proteinmentioning
This review article discusses advanced extraction methods to enhance the functionality of egg-derived peptides while reducing their allergenicity. While eggs are considered a nutrient-dense food, some proteins can cause allergic reactions in susceptible individuals. Therefore, various methods have been developed to reduce the allergenicity of egg-derived proteins, such as enzymatic hydrolysis, heat treatment, and glycosylation. In addition to reducing allergenicity, advanced extraction methods can enhance the functionality of egg-derived peptides. Techniques such as membrane separation, chromatography, and electrodialysis can isolate and purify specific egg-derived peptides with desired functional properties, improving their bioactivity. Further, enzymatic hydrolysis can also break down polypeptide sequences and produce bioactive peptides with various health benefits. While liquid chromatography is the most commonly used method to obtain individual proteins for developing novel food products, several challenges are associated with optimizing extraction conditions to maximize functionality and allergenicity reduction. The article also highlights the challenges and future perspectives, including optimizing extraction conditions to maximize functionality and allergenicity reduction. The review concludes by highlighting the potential for future research in this area to improve the safety and efficacy of egg-derived peptides more broadly.
“…Sharma and Gupta [235] showed that 70% of alginate (polysaccharide) accumulated in the interfacial precipitate when using a TPP based on ammonium sulfate (13 wt%) and t-butanol (14 wt%). Belchior and Freire [236] fractionated the different types of proteins found in egg white. To do so, the authors employed a combined approach based on ATPS and TPP.…”
Section: Back-extraction and Recycling Of Compoundsmentioning
In an era where it becomes less and less accepted to just send waste to landfills and release wastewater into the environment without treatment, numerous initiatives are pursued to facilitate chemical production from waste. This includes microbial conversions of waste in digesters, and with this type of approach, a variety of chemicals can be produced. Typical for digestion systems is that the products are present only in (very) dilute amounts. For such productions to be technically and economically interesting to pursue, it is of key importance that effective product recovery strategies are being developed. In this review, we focus on the recovery of biologically produced carboxylic acids, including volatile fatty acids (VFAs), medium-chain carboxylic acids (MCCAs), long-chain dicarboxylic acids (LCDAs) being directly produced by microorganisms, and indirectly produced unsaturated short-chain acids (USCA), as well as polymers. Key recovery techniques for carboxylic acids in solution include liquid-liquid extraction, adsorption, and membrane separations. The route toward USCA is discussed, including their production by thermal treatment of intracellular polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) polymers and the downstream separations. Polymers included in this review are extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Strategies for fractionation of the different fractions of EPS are discussed, aiming at the valorization of both polysaccharides and proteins. It is concluded that several separation strategies have the potential to further develop the wastewater valorization chains.
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